Fledermäuse aus Obervolta, W-Afrika (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Koch-Weser, S. (Senckenbergiana biol., 1984)
The number of bat species known for Upper Volta is raised from 27 to 33 by the records of Rhinopoma hardwickei, R. microphyllum, Taphozous nudiventris, Asellia tridens, Hipposideros jonesi and Pipistrellus rusticus. For these and 18 other species, locality records, measurements and biological data are given (Eidolon helvum, Epomophorus gambianus, Lissonycteris angolensis, Micropteropus pusillus, T. perforatus, Nycteris hispida, N. macrotis, N. thebaica, N. gambiensis, Rhinolophus landeri, R. fumigatus, H. ruber, H. abae, Eptesicus guineensis, Nycticeius schlieffeni, Scotophilus leucogaster, Tadarida pumila and T. major).
Keywords: Asellia tridens; behaviour; Burkina Faso; Chaerephon major; Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; dry season; ecology; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus gambianus; Faunistik; habitat preferences; Hangplätze; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros abae; Hipposideros jonesi; Hipposideros ruber; Lissonycteris angolensis; Mammalia; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; morphology; Neoromicia guineensis; Nycteridae; Nycteris gambiensis; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris thebaica; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Pipistrellus rusticus; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus landeri; Rhinopoma hardwickii; Rhinopoma microphyllum; Rhinopomatidae; roosting behaviour; Scotophilus leucogaster; seasonality; species richness; systematics; Taphozous nudiventris; Taphozous perforatus; taxonomy; Vegetation; Vespertilionidae; West Africa; zoogeography

Fruit intake and energy budgets of frugivorous bats - Thomas, D. W. (Physiol. Zool., 1984)
Paleotropical fruit bats (Pteropodidae) ingest up to 2.5 times their body mass in fruits nightly. On a mass-specific basis, this is about double the amount reported for neotropical fruit bats (Phyllostomidae). By manipulating the energy and protein contents of their diets, the author found that the pteropodids’ high fruit intakes are determined by the protein content of the fruits they exploit. Pteropodids appear to be obliged to overingest energy in order to obtain sufficient protein. Phyllostomid fruit bats may escape this protein constraint by supplementing their diets with insects, thus increasing the overall protein content of the diet. Differing abilities to supplement their diets may result in important differences in how pteropodid and phyllostomid bats nutritionally evaluate fruits, regulate their intakes, and function as seed dispersers.
Keywords: Africa; Artibeus; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; energetics; energy budget; Epomops buettikoferi; Fledermäuse; frugivory; Micropteropus pusillus; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Neotropics; nitrogen; Palaeotropics; Phyllostomidae; Pteropodidae

The identity of Nyticejus eriophorus Heuglin 1877 and its status within the Kerivoula lanosa (A. Smith 1847) group (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) - Kock, D. (Abstracts of the 4th Int. Coll. on the Ecology and Taxonomy of African Small Mammals, 1984)
Keywords: Chiroptera; Ethiopia; Kerivoula eriophora; Kerivoula lanosa; Northeast Africa; Vespertilionidae

The incidence of accessory adrenocortical bodies in Rousettus aegyptiacus E Geoffroy (Megachiroptera: Mammalia) - Baranga, J. (Mammalia, 1984)
Two types of accessory adrenal bodies were found: the macroscopic and microscopic. They are similar to the main adrenal gland in colour and the majority of the macroscopic bodies occur on its venous pole. An examination of 320 adrenals revealed that macroscopic accessory bodies have a 27% incidence. This percentage becomes greater when both macroscopic and microscopic adrenal bodies are considered together. On the whole, the immature bats have the lowest incidence of macroscopic accessory tissue. The highest incidence occurs in the breeding population, especially females. Their incidence differs significantly between breeding and nonbreeding bats. The distribution of these accessory bodies on the two adrenals is not significantly different. Microscopic accessory bodies are not biased towards one particular adrenal pole. All the sections examined so far, show the accessory adrenal bodies as consisting of cortical tissue only.
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; hormones; physiology; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Uganda

The influence of seasonality of food and rainfall on some aspects of ecology of bats in Entebbe Peninsula, Uganda - Ogen-Odoi, A. A. (Ann. Mus. roy. Afr. Centr. (Sci. zool.), 1984)
in: Proc. 3rd Int. Coll. Afr. Small Mammals
Keywords: [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; behaviour; biodiversity; Chaerephon nigeriae; Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; East Africa; ecology; Eidolon helvum; Epomophorus anurus [labiatus]; Epomops franqueti; Fledermäuse; fruits; habitat preferences; Insecta; Mammalia; Molossidae; Mops condylurus; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; phenology; Pteropodidae; resource availability; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Scotophilus dinganii; seasonality; species richness; Uganda; Vespertilionidae

Tadarida teniotis (Rafinesque, 1814) in the W-Palaearctic and a lectotype for Dysopes rueppelii Temminck, 1826 (Chiroptera: Molossidae) - Kock, D.; Nader, I. A. (Z. Säugetierk., 1984)
Additional records of T. teniotis within the western Paleartic region from Algeria, Tunisia, Spain, Corsica, Italy, Greece and Lebanon are presented and the known species range is updated. Based on available information the status of D. rueppelli Temminck, 1826 (= T. t. rueppelli) from Egypt is discussed and a lectotype is selected.
Keywords: Africa; Algeria; Arabia; Chiroptera; distribution; Egypt; Europe; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Greece; Italy; Lebanon; Mammalia; Molossidae; morphology; Palaearctic; Spain; systematics; Tadarida teniotis rueppelli; taxonomy; Tunisia

Les cycles annuels de reproduction chez les chiroptères phytophiles au Shaba (S.E. Za{\"ıre) et au Rwanda - Anciaux de Faveaux, M. (Ann. Mus. roy. Afr. Centr. (Sci. zool.), 1984)
in: Proc. 3rd Int. Coll. Afr. Small Mammals
Keywords: annual breeding cycles; behaviour; Central Africa; Chaerephon nigeriae; Chiroptera; Congo (Kinshasa); day roosts; ecology; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus crypturus; Epomophorus gambianus; Epomophorus labiatus; Epomophorus wahlbergi haldemani; Epomops dobsonii; Fledermäuse; Glauconycteris argentata; Glauconycteris variegata; habitat preferences; Katanga; Kerivoula argentata; Kerivoula harrisoni lucia [lanosa]; Laephotis angolensis; Lavia frons; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Megaloglossus woermanni; Micropteropus pusillus; Mimetillus moloneyi; Molossidae; Mops midas; Mops nanulus; Mops thersites; Myotis bocagii; Myotis welwitschii; Neoromicia capensis; Neoromicia nanus; Neoromicia rendalli; Neoromicia tenuipinnis; Nycteridae; Nycteris arge; Nycteris hispida; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Plerotes anchietae; Pteropodidae; reproduction; roosting behaviour; Scotoecus albofuscus woodi; Scotoecus hirundo hindei; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus gigas [nigrita]; seasonality; species richness; Taphozous mauritianus; Vespertilionidae

Les parasites des chiroptères du continent Africain - Anciaux de Faveaux, M. (Ann. Mus. roy. Afr. Centr. (Sci. zool.), 1984)
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; distribution; ecology; Fledermäuse; host species; Insecta; Mammalia; parasite-host relationships; parasitism; Pteropodidae; review; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Verbreitung

Leydig cells of the fruit bat testis - Kayanja, F. I. B.; Baranga, J.; Schliemann, H. (Afr. J. Ecol., 1984)
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; Epomophorus anurus [labiatus]; Pteropodidae; reproduction

Moth scales in feces of fruit bats: Evidence of insectivory or fruit contamination? - Thomas, D. W. (J. Mamm., 1984)
While trying to photograph bats visiting the fruits of Muntingia calabura (Elaeocarpaceae) in Costa Rica and Ficus capensis (Moraceae) in Ivory Coast, West Africa, the author found that moths were so abundant on and around the fruits that they continually triggered the camera’s beam splitter. This made him question whether moth scales were a regular surface contaminant of some fruits and, if so, whether these scales appeared in fecal samples of frugivorous bats.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Costa Rica; diet; ecology; Epomops buettikoferi; frugivory; insectivory; Ivory Coast; Micropteropus pusillus; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Pteropodidae; West Africa

New data on Casinycteris argynnis Thomas 1910, (Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae) - Meirte, D. (Ann. Mus. roy. Afr. Centr. (Sci. zool.), 1984)
Keywords: Casinycteris argynnis; Central Africa; Chiroptera; distribution; ecology; Faunistik; Mammalia; morphology; palatal ridges; Pteropodidae; systematics; taxonomy

New distributional records of bats for the Republic of South Africa, with special reference to the Kruger National Park - Rautenbach, I. L.; Schlitter, D. A.; Braack, L. E. O. (Koedoe, 1984)
Data on the distributions of seven species of bats in South Africa are discussed. Four species, Hipposideros commersoni, Pipistrellus rueppelli, Tadarida ansorgei and T. fulminans are reported for the first time from South Africa and all but T. ansorgei from Kruger National Park. Rhinolophus simulator and Kerivoula lanosa are recorded for the first time from the Kruger National Park. The subspecies relationship of Eptesicus hottentotus in the eastern part of South Africa is reviewed.
Keywords: Chaerephon ansorgei; Chiroptera; distribution; Eptesicus hottentotus; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni marungensis [vittatus]; Kerivoula lanosa; Mammalia; Mkuze Game Reserve; Molossidae; Natal; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus simulator; South Africa; species richness; systematics; Tadarida fulminans; taxonomy; Transvaal; Vespertilionidae

A new high forest species in the African bat genus Scotophilus (Vespertilionidae) - Robbins, C. B. (Ann. Mus. roy. Afr. Centr. (Sci. zool.), 1984)
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; ecology; Fledermäuse; Ghana; habitat preferences; Mammalia; morphology; Scotophilus nigrita; Scotophilus nucella sp. nov.; Scotophilus nux; species description; systematics; taxonomy; Uganda; Vegetation; Vespertilionidae; zoogeography

New records of occurrences for six species of small mammals in the northern Cape Province - Erasmus, B. H.; Rautenbach, I. L. (S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1984)
The occurrence of two rodent species (Steatomys krebsii and Dendromus melanotis) and four species of bats (Scotophilus dinganii, Hipposideros caffer, Taphozous mauritianus and Rhinolophus darlingi) is recorded in the northern Cape Province for the first time. The difficulties in positively identifying R. darlingi specimens necessitated a karyological overview and morphometric multivariate analyses of selected representatives of the ten southern African species of Rhinolophus.
Keywords: Chiroptera; chromosomes; cytogenetics; Emballonuridae; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; karyotypes; Mammalia; morphology; PCA; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus capensis; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus darlingi; Rhinolophus denti; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus landeri; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus swinnyi; Rodentia; Scotophilus dinganii; South Africa; systematics; Taphozous mauritianus; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

A note on the mammals of the Addo Elephant National Park - Grobler, J. H.; Braack, H. H. (Koedoe, 1984)
The small mammals of the Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) have been discussed and the large mammals listed by Swanepoel (1975, Koedoe 18: 103-130). Since this publication various changes have taken place and new species have been recorded. In addition, some species introduced to the AENP (Penzhorn 1971, Koedoe 14: 145-159) have succumbed. This note serves to bring the record up to date.
Keywords: Chiroptera; distribution; Mammalia; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; South Africa

The occurrence of spermiophagy under natural conditions in the cauda epididymidis of the Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis) - Bernard, R. T. F. (J. Reprod. Fert., 1984)
In Cape horseshoe bats large numbers of spermatozoa remain in the cauda epididymidis after copulations have ceased in September. Light microscopy has shown that for 5 months after September phagocytes are present in the lumen of the cauda epididymidis and electron microscopy has shown these cells to be active spermiophages. The large numbers of spermiophages present suggests that these cells could be responsible for removal of most of the excess spermatozoa. Spermiophagy by the epididymal epithelial cells occurs rarely and is not significant in the treatment of excess spermatozoa.
Keywords: cellular ingestion; Chiroptera; gametes; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; South Africa

Parasites of Chiroptera in Zambia - Peirce, M. A. (J. Wildl. Dis., 1984)
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; Arachnida; Chiroptera; Diptera; Epomophorus gambianus parvus [crypturus]; Eucampsipoda africana; Insecta; Molossidae; Nycteribiidae; Nycteridae; Nycteris cf. woodi; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi; Scotophilus viridis; Southern Africa; Spinturnicidae; Spinturnix walkerae; Vespertilionidae; Zambia

Parasitologische Untersuchungen bei wildlebenden Säugern im Südsudan - Reinthaler, F.; Šebek, Z. (Mitt. österr. Ges. Tropenmed. Parasitol., 1984)
In November and December 1981 and in January 1983 622 wild small mammals and Carnivora were collected at the Upper Nile Province in Southern Sudan. They were examined zoologically, parasitologically and serologically. Of all wild animals examined, only one jackal was positive for Leishmania donovani.In Carnivora, a high degree of contamination with Haemococcidia of the Hepatozoon spec, was found. Of 50 Felis libyca 18 (36%), of 29 Genetta spec. 13 (44.8%) and 72 Canis spec, (jackal) 3 were positive. One case each was found in Mus spec, and Mastomys spec. Intestinal exploration of 330 Muridae showed the following results: Entamoeba muris was found in 8.1% of cases, Chilomastix spec, in 4.2% and Hexamites pulcher in 2.7% of cases.The existence of Q-fever in various wild mammals was investigated by taking random samples. Surprisingly almost all genera examined were positive. Of 31 Eidolon helvum, 5 were positive, of these 2 with a titer higher then 1:32. The sera of 4 jackals, 2 wildcats and 3 hedgehogs all had a titer of 1:32 or higher. Examination of the same sera showed that 13 of 31 hedgehogs were Listeria-positive; of these, 6 had titer levels of 1:400.
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; Carnivora; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Lagomorpha; Mammalia; Molossidae; Northeast Africa; Nycteridae; Nycteris hispida; parasites; parasitism; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; Soricomorpha; Sudan

Predation by pied cros Corvus albus on Gambian epauletted bats Epomophorus gambianus - Smalley, M. E. (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 1984)
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; Corvus albus; day roosts; Eidolon helvum; Epomophorus gambianus; Gambia; predation; prey; Pteropodidae; West Africa

A progress report on the systematics of African Scotophilus (Vespertilionidae) - Koopman, K. F. (Proceedings of the Sixth International Bat Research Conference, 1984)
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Mammalia; morphology; Scotophilus borbonicus; Scotophilus gigas [nigrita]; Scotophilus leucogaster; Scotophilus nigrita; Scotophilus nigritellus [viridis]; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vegetation; Vespertilionidae; zoogeography

Quelques observations sur l’adaptation des rongeurs et cheiroptères à des conditions écologiques extrêmes - Verschuren, J. (Ann. Mus. roy. Afr. Centr. (Sci. zool.), 1984)
Keywords: Africa; behaviour; Chiroptera; distribution; ecology; Mammalia; Myotis blythii; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Rousettus lanosus; Senegal; Vespertilionidae

Reproduction and growth in three species of West African fruit bats - Thomas, D. W.; Marshall, A. G. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1984)
This study outlines the reproduction periods of the African fruit bats Epomops buettikoferi, Epomophorus garnbianus, and Micropteropus pusillus at two West African savanna sites: a wet southern Guinea savanna and a drier southern Sudanese savanna. At both sites the two annual birth periods were timed such that both lactation by only one weaning period coincided with the rainy season peaks in fruit availability. On this basis we propose that lactation rather than weaning was the important determinant of the timing of reproduction. There was no evidence of cycling of testes size in males corresponding with the seasonal mating periods. E. buettikoferi and M. pusillus females mated at six months and gave birth at the age of 12 months. Males of the two species reached puberty by 11 months and seven months, respectively. Growth rates did not differ between cohorts growing through the wet and dry season and E. buettikoferi and M. pusillus grew at rates of 276 mg/day and 116 mg/day, respectively.
Keywords: Chiroptera; dry season; ecology; Epomophorus gambianus; Epomops buettikoferi; foraging; fruit availability; Ivory Coast; lactation; Micropteropus pusillus; Nahrung; parental care; Pteropodidae; reproduction; West Africa; wet season

The rodents and other small mammals of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park - Nel, J. A. J.; Rautenbach, I. L.; Els, D. A.; de Graaff, G. (Koedoe, 1984)
The state of knowledge pertaining to the biology of small mammals occurring in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park is reviewed with reference to completed and ongoing projects. Aspects of daily activity rhythms, habitat selection, diet, population fluctuations and changes in community structure, as well as reproduction are discussed. The zoogeography of the park is alluded to, and aspects which need additional attention are mentioned.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Mammalia; Rodentia; South Africa

Small mammals - Happold, D. C. D. (Key Environments: Sahara Desert, 1984)
Keywords: activity patterns; Africa; allopatric; behaviour; biodiversity; Chiroptera; communities; deserts; diet; ecology; endemic; evolution; Faunistik; guilds; habitat preferences; Mammalia; Nahrung; physiology; reproduction; seasonality; speciation; species richness; sympatric; systematics; taxonomy; zoogeography

Some parasitic Protozoa from the Gambia - Bray, R. S. (J. Protozool., 1984)
A new species of Eimeria from the fat-tailed gecko Hemidactylus brookei in Gambia, West Africa, was described and named E. helenae in honor of Mrs. Helen Levine. The oocysts averaged 22.2 µm and each contained four sporocysts (8.0 × 6.9 µm) with two sporozoites per sporocyst. No schizogony or gametogony was discovered in the intestine, suggesting that these stages may occur in the liver or bile cannuli. The oocysts of an adeleid parasite of the insect prey of the centipede Scolopendrium morsitans were described. Plasmodium agamae, an eimeriid hemogregarine, Pirhaemocyton, and a Shellackia-type parasite were found in the blood of agamid lizards. The fruit bat Epomorphorus gambianus was commonly and heavily infected with Hepatocystis epomorphori.
Keywords: Chiroptera; endoparasites; Epomophorus gambianus; Gambia; parasitism; Pteropodidae; West Africa

über die Säugetiere der Insel São Tomé (Mammalia) - Feiler, A. (Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 1984)
During a stay for three weeks in June 1983 on São Tome Rousettus aegyptiacus subsp. could be detected for the first time, and Myonycteris brachycephala has been found in a second specimen since its description by Bocage (1889). Besides, other mammals could be watched.
Keywords: Africa; biodiversity; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; endemic; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Gulf of Guinea; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni thomensis [H. thomensis]; Hipposideros ruber guineensis; island biogeography; Mammalia; morphology; Myonycteris brachycephala; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus ssp. [tomensis]; São Tomé; species richness; systematics; taxonomy

über Chaerephon pumila (Cretzschmar) in Angola (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Molossidae) - Feiler, A.; Pires, A. L. (Faun. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 1984)
Some observations concerning distribution, biology, and reproduction as well several body measures of the bat species Chaerephon pumila from Angola are dealt with.
Keywords: Angola; Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; Molossidae; Mops condylurus; morphometrics; reproduction; Southern Africa

The use of Doppler-shifted echoes as a flutter detection and clutter rejection system: The echolocation and feeding behavior of Hipposideros ruber (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) - Bell, G. P.; Fenton, M. B. (Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 1984)
Hipposideros ruber use CF/FM echolocation calls to detect the wing flutter of their insect prey. Fluttering prey were detected whether the insects were flying or sitting on a surface, and prey in either situation were captured with equal success (approximately 40% of capture attempts). Stationary prey were ignored. The bats did not use visual cues or the sounds of wing flutter to locate their prey. Wing flutter detection suggests that H. ruber exploit the Doppler-shifted information in echoes of their echolocation calls. These bats fed primarily upon moths, usually those of between 10 and 25 mm wingchord, although moths of less than 5 mm and greater than 40 mm wingchord were also attacked and captured. They showed no evidence of selecting moths on the basis of species or other taxonomic distinction, and occasionaly captured other insects.
Keywords: Beuteortung; Beutespektrum; Chiroptera; echolocation; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer [Fenton 1986]; Southern Africa; Zimbabwe

Zur Kenntnis des Stimmapparates der Epauletten-Flughunde (Epomophorini, Pteropodidae, Megachiroptera) - Zeller, U. (Z. Säugetierk., 1984)
Courting males of Epomophorus, Epomops and Hypsignathus emit loud calls attracting estrous females. The organs of vocalization of a male Epomophorus labiatus and of a female Epomophorus anurus were studied as well as male and female Epomops buettikoferi and H. monstrosus with special emphasis on the topography of the neck and of the thoracic cavity. Compared to other Megachiroptera the larynx of the 3 genera is enlarged to a quite different degree. Epomophorus is close to the supposed ancestral condition. The larynx is situated in the caudal half of the neck. There is no sexual dimorphism in the size of the larynx. The males of H. monstrosus possess a huge larynx reaching caudally to the diaphragm and nearly filling up the upper and middle mediastinum. The larynx of the females is much smaller reaching only behind the manubrium sterni. Epomops is intermediate between Epomophorus and Hypsignathus. The male’s larynx is larger than that of Epomophorus and partially situated in the thoracic cavity. In Hypsignathus the larynx enters the thoracic cavity ventrally, but in Epomops dorsally of the heart. To reach the bifurcation the trachea is curved cranio-dorsally in Hypsignathus, but cranio-ventrally in Epomops. The different topography of the thoracic organs demonstrates that the enlargement of the larynx took place independently in the phylogeny of both genera. The extreme enlargement of the larynx in the male H. monstrosus can be regarded as a result of intraspecific selection in correlation with the highly specialized lek mating behavior of this species.
Keywords: acoustic communication; Africa; animal communication; behaviour; Chiroptera; courtship behaviour; diet; Epomophorus labiatus; Epomops buettikoferi; female choice; Hypsignathus monstrosus; larynx; Mammalia; mating systems; morphology; Pteropodidae; sexual dimorphism; sexual selection

Zur Leptospirose im Südsudan, auf den Kapverdischen Inseln sowie in Südkolumbien und in El Salvador - Šebek, Z.; Sixl, W.; Reinthaler, F.; Valova, M. (Mitt. österr. Ges. Tropenmed. Parasitol., 1984)
In the years 1981-1983 the authors investigated serologically for leptospirosis 444 human sera, 195 sera from domestic and 766 from wild living animals from the South Sudan, 310 human sera, 257 from domestic and 7 from wild living animals from Cape Verde Isles and 353 respective by 984 human sera from South Colombia respective from El Salvador. Human sera from the South Sudan were in 15.8% positive, the sera of domestic animals in 54.9% (titre 1>400) and the sera of wild living mammals in 10.0% positive. Human sera from Cape Verde Isles reacted positively in 6.8%, sera of domestic animals in 13.2% (in titre 1 >400) and the sera of wild animals were negative. In human sera from South Colombia were found positive reactions in 18.4%, from El Salvador in 17.5%. From etiological point of view both in human and in animal humane leptospirosis participated in all four countries under study serovars of a relative great number of serogroups.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Mammalia; Northeast Africa; parasitism; Pteropodidae; Sudan

The annual migrations of three species of West African fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) - Thomas, D. W. (Can. J. Zool., 1983)
The seasonal movements of Eidolon helvum, Myonycteris torquata and Nanonycteris veldkampi were studied over 2-yr in West Africa. During the dry season, E. helvum roosts in at least 1 large colony (  500,000 individuals) in the southern forest zone of Ivory Coast. Following the birth of young in Feb., males and females move into the savanna zones, and the progressive establishment and decline of colonies along a south-north axis indicates that E. helvum migrates at least to the Niger River basin by the middle of the wet season (July). During the dry season, M. torquata and N. veldkampi are absent from savanna sites, but are common in the forest zone. With the onset of the rainy season in March, catch rates of both species increase first at a southern Guinea savanna site and subsequently at a savanna site 400 km to the north, indicating that both species migrate at least to the southern Sudanese savanna zone during the wet season. Both sexes of N. veldkampi migrate, but the migration of M. torquata is restricted to the immature male cohorts. The high amplitude of the seasonal fluctuations in fruit abundance at savanna sites probably creates a wet-season surplus of food which results in low intra- and inter-specific competition levels at these sites relative to the forest zone. This may provide the conditions leading to the observed annual migrations.
Keywords: Chiroptera; competition; diet; dry season; ecology; Eidolon helvum; food distribution; frugivory; Ivory Coast; Mali; migration; Myonycteris torquata; Nahrung; Nanonycteris veldkampii; Pteropodidae; reproduction; West Africa; wet season

Are bats rare in tropical Africa? - Findley, J. S.; Wilson, D. E. (Biotropica, 1983)
Keywords: abundance; Africa; Chiroptera; communities; ecology; Fledermäuse; frugivory; New World; Old World; population density; Pteropodidae

Bat records from Malawi (Mammalia, Chiroptera) - Bergmans, W.; Jachmann, H. (Bull. zool. Mus. Univ. Amsterdam, 1983)
Five species of bats are recorded from Kasungu National Park, Malawi: Eidolon helvum (Kerr, 1792); Epomophorus anurus Heuglin, 1864; E. minor Dobson, 1880; Epomops dobsonii (Bocage, 1889); and Scotoecus hindei Thomas, 1901. Some other Malawian records of these species, based on literature and specimens in collections, were included. Epomophorus anurus, Epomops dobsonii and S. hindei are recorded from Malawi for the 1st time.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Epomophorus anurus [labiatus]; Epomophorus minor; Epomops dobsonii; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Malawi; Mammalia; morphology; Pteropodidae; Scotoecus hindei [hirundo]; Southern Africa; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; zoogeography

Bats, flowers and fruit: Evolutionary relationships in the Old World - Marshall, A. G. (Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 1983)
Old World phytophagous bats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) number 173 species of which 79% are Asian and 21% African. Bats arose, presumably monophyletically, in the early Tertiary, the Megachiroptera soon diverging from the Microchiroptera. By the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary the major groups of modern angiosperms were present, some of these probably being pollinated nocturnally by large insects and non-flying mammals and others with seeds dispersed by terrestrial vertebrates. Early bats were perhaps initially attracted to such flowers and fruit by the insects found around them, later finding the plants themselves nutritious. Megabats today feed upon floral resources, fruit and leaves from a total of at least 188 plant genera in 64 families. They may effect both pollination and seed-dispersal, and both bat-flower and bat-fruit syndromes are commonly recognized. Individual species are generally catholic in their feeding, favoured food varying with locality and season. Depending upon roosting habits and season, megabats may travel considerable distances each night to feed and may undertake seasonal migrations. Their feeding in orchards may sometimes require their control, but the future of certain species is more seriously threatened by slaughter for food and particularly by habitat destruction.
Keywords: Africa; Asia; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; feeding habits; flowers; food distribution; foraging; frugivory; Hangplätze; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; nectarivory; pollination; Pteropodidae; roosting behaviour; seed dispersal; theory

Deux chiroptères peu connus de Tunisie - Beaucournu, J.-C.; Bach-Hamba, D.; Launay, H.; Hellal, H.; Chastel, C. (Mammalia, 1983)
Keywords: Chiroptera; Molossidae; North Africa; Otonycteris hemprichii; Tadarida teniotis; Tunisia; Vespertilionidae

Evolution in the Family Pteropodidae (Chiroptera: Megachiroptera) as Indicated by Chromosomal and Immunoelectrophoretic Analyses - Haiduk, M. W. (Ph.D. Thesis, 1983)
Keywords: Africa; antiserum; Australasia; Cameroon; Chiroptera; chromosomes; Congo (Kinshasa); cytogenetics; Dobsonia moluccensis; Dobsonia praedatrix; Egypt; Epomophorus minor; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Epomops franqueti; evolution; Gabon; Hypsignathus monstrosus; karyotypes; Lissonycteris angolensis; Macroglossus lagochilus; Megaloglossus woermanni; Melonycteris melanops; Micropteropus pusillus; Myonycteris torquata; New Guinea; Nyctimene aello; Nyctimene albiventris [albiventer]; Nyctimene major; Nyctimene vizcaccia; Pteropodidae; Pteropus admiralitatum; Pteropus capistratus; Pteropus hypomelanus; Pteropus macrotis; Pteropus neohibernicus; Rhinopoma hardwickii; Rhinopomatidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Rousettus amplexicaudatus; Scotonycteris ophiodon; Somalia; South Africa; Syconycteris crassa

Feeding behaviour of the bats Nycteris grandis and Nycteris thebaica (Nycteridae) in captivity - Fenton, M. B.; Gaudet, C. L.; Leonard, M. L. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1983)
The feeding and hunting behaviour of Nycteris grandis and N. thebaica was observed in captivity at the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area in Zimbabwe in January and February 1982. Both species preferentially selected katydids and beetles over moths, and relied heavily on acoustic stimuli emanating from prey to detect targets. Nycteris grandis readily consumed frogs and bats and appeared not to use the calls of male frogs or the echolocation calls of other bats to locate prey. Both species produced echolocation calls during attacks on prey, increasing the rates of pulse repetition as they closed with targets and suggesting the use of echolocation in hunting. The echolocation calls of N. grandis are described along with general observations of the behaviour of both species.
Keywords: Amphibia; Anura; Aves; behaviour; Beutespektrum; carnivory; Chiroptera; diet; echolocation; ecology; feeding habits; Fledermäuse; foraging; Insecta; Mammalia; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; Nycteridae; Nycteris grandis; Nycteris thebaica; prey selection; Sengwa Wildlife Research Area; Southern Africa; Zimbabwe

Further records of bats from the Central African Republic (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Hill, J. Edwards (Ann. Carn. Mus., 1983)
Keywords: Central Africa; Central African Republic; Chaerephon ansorgei; Chiroptera; distribution; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros cyclops; Mammalia; Molossidae; Myonycteris torquata; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Otomops martiensseni; Pteropodidae; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Incubatory behaviour of the bat hawk - Hustler, K. (Ostrich, 1983)
A bat hawks’Macheiramphus alcinus nest was watched for six days during November 1981 in Zimbabwe. Both sexes incubated. The male did not feed the female. Two different calls were recorded and their contexts discussed. Although both birds flew off in the same direction every evening, presumably to hunt, no large bat roosts were located in the vicinity of the nest and it appeared that the bat hawks were foraging opportunistically in the surrounding woodland.
Keywords: Aves; behaviour; Chiroptera; hunting; Macheiramphus alcinus; predation; reproduction; Southern Africa; Zimbabwe

Nyctalus leisleri (Kühl, 1818), une espèce nouvelle pour le continent africain - Hanák, V.; Gaisler, J. (Mammalia, 1983)
Keywords: Algeria; Chiroptera; Libya; Myotis nattereri; North Africa; Nyctalus lasiopterus; Nyctalus leisleri; Pipistrellus kühli [kuhlii]; Pipistrellus pipistrellus; Vespertilionidae

Rhinopoma microphyllum asirensis n. subsp. from southwestern Saudi Arabia (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Rhinopomatidae) - Nader, I. A.; Kock, D. (Senckenbergiana biol., 1983)
Rhinopoma microphyllum asirensis n. subsp. is described from the Asir region, SW-Saudi Arabia. It differs from neighbouring conspecific populations by smaller size and in skull characters.
Keywords: Arabia; Chiroptera; Rhinopoma microphyllum asirensis ssp. nov.; Rhinopomatidae; Saudi Arabia

La pollinisation des fleurs de baobab est-elle seulement le fait des mâles de la rousette paillée Eidolon helvum? - Duxoux, E. (Rev. écol. (Terre Vie), 1983)
Keywords: Adansonia digitata; animal-plant interactions; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; Eidolon helvum; flowers; Mammalia; Nahrung; nectarivory; olfactory communication; pheromones; plants; pollination; Pteropodidae; Senegal; West Africa

The mammals of the Orange Free State - Lynch, C. D. (Mem. nas. Mus., Bloemfontein, 1983)
Keywords: biodiversity; Chiroptera; distribution; ecology; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Mammalia; morphology; Pteropodidae; South Africa; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vegetation; Verbreitung; zoogeography

Morphological and dietary structuring of a Zambian insectivorous bat community - Findley, J. S.; Black, H. L. (Ecology, 1983)
Diet and external morphology of 9 spp. (Cloeotis percivali, Hipposideros caffer, Miniopterus schreibersi, Nycteris thebaica, N. woodi, N. macrotis, Rhinolophus simulator, R. swinnyi and R. blasii) of insectivorous bats from Zambia, East Africa, were compared using multivariate methods. Morphological and dietary resemblance between species were positively correlated; that is, taxa which resembled each other most strongly morphologically were also most similar in dietary intake. The degree of morphological and dietary distinctiveness of a species was positively correlated with its morphological and dietary variability. For example, species which are quite distinct from others in morphology or diet tend also to be quite variable in those 2 attributes. Morphology of the bats was strongly predictive of their diets; most dietary variance was accounted for by morphological variance, and the 1st morphological principal component predicted the presence in the diet of Lepidoptera, beetles and Orthoptera with a high level of significance. These results led to a model of community organization for closely related species in which a relatively large number of specialists with invariant attributes are clustered near the community centroid and a smaller number of distinctive, variable species occupy niches more distant from the centroid.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Cloeotis percivali; communities; diet; ecology; Fledermäuse; foraging; guilds; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersi; morphology; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; Nycteridae; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris thebaica; Nycteris woodi; phenetics; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus swinnyi; Southern Africa; species richness; sympatric; Zambia

A new ereynetid nasal mite, Neospeleognathopsis (Speleomyotis) tadaridae sp. n. from Uganda (Acarina: Prostigmata) - Dusbábek, F. (Folia Parasitologica, 1983)
Keywords: Acari; Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; East Africa; ectoparasites; Molossidae; Neospeleognathopsis tadaridae sp. nov.; parasitism; Uganda

A new slit-faced bat from central Saudi Arabia (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Nycteridae) - Nader, I. A.; Kock, D. (Senckenbergiana biol., 1983)
Nycteris thebaica najdiya n. subsp. is an extremely pale coloured population in central Saudi Arabia, extending species range by 920 km from nearest known localities. Zoogeographical relations are discussed.
Keywords: Arabia; Chiroptera; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica najdiya ssp. nov.; Saudi Arabia

Notes on some bats from the Near East (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Nader, I. A.; Kock, D. (Z. Säugetierk., 1983)
Keywords: Arabia; Asellia tridens; Chiroptera; Egypt; Eptesicus bottae anatolicus; Eptesicus bottae innesi; Hipposideridae; Iraq; Libya; North Africa; Otonycteris hemprichii; Palestine; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Plecotus austriacus; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; Syria; Tunisia; Turkey; Vespertilionidae

Notes sur les Ischnopsyllinae du Continent Africain (Siphonaptera) - Beaucournu, J.-C.; Fain, A. (Rev. Zool. Afr., 1983)
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida limbata; [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Chaerephon] Tadarida nigeriae; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; [Mops] Tadarida midas; Africa; Burundi; Central African Republic; checklist; Chiroptera; Coleura gallarum [afra]; Congo (Kinshasa); distribution; ectoparasites; Emballonuridae; Guinea Bissau; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros sp.; host-parasite relationships; Insecta; Ischnopsyllidae; Madagascar; Molossidae; Mozambique; Myotis bocagei; Nycteridae; Nycteris sp.; parasitism; review; Rwanda; Scotophilus nigrita; Siphonaptera; South Africa; Tadarida nanus; Vespertilionidae

Nouvelles données sur les Chiroptères du nord algérien - Gaisler, J. (Mammalia, 1983)
Myotis nattereri is recorded for the first time in Algeria and for the second time in Africa. Myotis capaccinii and Pipistrellus pipistrellus are rediscovered in the country after a hundred years. Pipistrellus savii is recorded in two Algerian National Parks and in one town, at the elevations ranging from 1050 to 2004 m; data are given on its ecology and behaviour. The other ten species, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, R. euryale, R. meheleyi, R. blasii, Myotis blythi, M. emarginatus, Pipistrellus kuhli, Plecotus austriacus and Miniopterus schreibersi, are recorded for new locations. Chiropteran community in a cave on the Mediterranean coast was explored during 11 successive visits. Bats hunting in a town were netted and their activity registered and correlated with some climatic parameters.
Keywords: [Hypsugo] Pipistrellus savii; Algeria; Chiroptera; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; Myotis blythi [punicus]; Myotis capaccinii; Myotis emarginatus; Myotis nattereri; North Africa; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus pipistrellus; Plecotus austriacus [gaisleri]; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus euryale; Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; Rhinolophus hipposideros; Rhinolophus mehelyi; Vespertilionidae

Rodents and bats of Arli and Pendjari National Parks, Upper Volta and Benin - Green, A. A. (Nigerian Field, 1983)
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; Burkina Faso; Chiroptera; ecology; Epomophorus gambianus; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer guineensis; Hipposideros caffer tephrus; Lavia frons; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; morphology; Myotis bocagei; Nycteridae; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris thebaica; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vegetation; Vespertilionidae; West Africa

Roosts used by the African bat, Scotophilus leucogaster (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) - Fenton, M. B. (Biotropica, 1983)
The roosts of S. leucogaster were located by radio-tracking in Mopani woodland in the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area in Zimbabwe between Jan. 14 and Feb. 12, 1982. Bats changed roost trees from 1 day to the next, usually staying within relatively small areas of woodland. Bats frequently moved between night and day roosts. This behavior made it impossible to predict the location of bats from 1 day to the next.
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; day roosts; ecology; Fledermäuse; foraging; habitat preferences; Mammalia; radio-tracking; roosting behaviour; Scotophilus leucogaster; Sengwa Wildlife Research Area; Southern Africa; telemetry; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe

The sooty falcon in Southern Africa and first record for Malawi - Hanmer, D. B.; Blackwood, J. G. V. (Ostrich, 1983)
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; Falco concolor; Falconidae; Malawi; predation; Southern Africa

The taxonomy, reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar - Hopkins, H. C. F. (Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 1983)
Three species of the pantropical woody genus Parkia are recognized from continental Africa (including São Tomé): P. biglobosa, P. bicolor and P. filicoidea. A fourth species, P. madagascariensis, is confined to Madagascar. All have capitula of similar structure although details of shape vary. Relatives sharing this capitulum structure occur in the Far East and the Neotropics. Patterns of infraspecific variation are described for the mainland species. Parkia biglobosa shows clinal variation in several leaf characters and P. clappertoniana must be regarded as synonymous. Parkia bicolor shows geographical variation especially in capitulum shape and pod width, and P. filicoidea varies geographically in its pod morphology. The red, balllike capitula are pollinated by bats; other visitors include birds, insects and non-flying mammals. In P. biglobosa a proportion of the capitula is functionally male. The pods of the African species contain mealy pulp. Dispersal involves mammals, especially primates, and birds. Information on uses, chemical composition of the seeds and insect pests is summarized.
Keywords: Africa; animal-plant interactions; biogeography; Chiroptera; distribution; ecology; evolution; flowers; habitat preferences; Mammalia; morphology; nectarivory; Parkia bicolor; Parkia biglobosa; Parkia filicoidea; plants; pollination; Pteropodidae; systematics; taxonomy

Wahlberg’s eagle catching bats in Malawi - Stephens, W.; Blackwood, J. G. V. (Ostrich, 1983)
Keywords: Accipitridae; Aves; Chiroptera; Hieraaetus wahlbergi; Malawi; predation; prey; Southern Africa

Adaptive Responses to Seasonality in Four Species of Microchiroptera in Coastal Kenya - McWilliam, A. N. (Ph.D. Thesis, 1982)
Keywords: caves; Chiroptera; climate; day roosts; East Africa; ecology; Emballonuridae; food abundance; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni [vittatus]; Hipposideros gigas; Kenya; mating systems; migration; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus minor; reproduction; resources; roosting; sex ratio; Taphozous hildegardeae

The bat fauna of Jabal Al Akhdar, northeast Libya - Qumsiyeh, M. B.; Schlitter, D. A. (Ann. Carn. Mus., 1982)
Fifty nine specimens of bats representing eight species in three families are reported from the region of Jabal Al Akhdar in northeastern Libya. Nyctalus lasiopterus is reported for the first time from Africa, while Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Miniopterus schreibersii and Tadarida teniotis are new additions to the fauna of Libya. Rhinolophus clivosus, R. mehelyi, Pipistrellus kuhlii and Plecotus austriacus are additional distributional records from Libya. Taxonomic comments are given. Although distinctive, the bat fauna of Jabal Al Akhdar is considered of Mediterranean origin and includes taxa seemingly closely associated with those from south-central Europe rather than the Eastern Mediterranean and Maghreb regions.
Keywords: Chiroptera; distribution; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Libya; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; Molossidae; morphology; North Africa; Nyctalus lasiopterus; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus pipistrellus; Plecotus austriacus; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus mehelyi; species richness; systematics; Tadarida teniotis; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

A bat-eating kestrel - Hanmer, D. B.; Blackwood, J. G. V. (Ostrich, 1982)
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; Falco dickinsoni; Falconidae; Malawi; predation; Southern Africa

Bats of the Central African Republic (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Schlitter, D. A.; Robbins, L. W.; Buchanan, S. A. (Ann. Carn. Mus., 1982)
The bats of the Central African Republic are reviewed. The occurrence of 45 spp. is documented. Locality, habitat, reproductive data and other natural history information are given. Taxonomic notes are discussed where necessary and selected measurements are listed for the species. Nineteen species are reported for the 1st time for the Central African Republic (Rousettus angolensis, Taphozous perforatus, Nycteris arge, Rhinolophus fumigatus, R. landeri, Hipposideros abae, H. beatus, H. commersoni, Eptesicus tenuipinnis, Mimetillus moloneyi, Myotis bocagei cupreolus, Pipistrellus rusticus marrensis, Scotoecus hirundo, Scotophilus dinganii, S. nigritellus, Tadarida leonis, T. nigeriae, T. spurrelli and T. thersites).
Keywords: [Chaerephon] Tadarida nigeriae; [Lissonycteris] Rousettus angolensis; [Mops] Tadarida leonis; [Mops] Tadarida spurrelli; [Mops] Tadarida thersites; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus tenuipinnis; biodiversity; Central Africa; Central African Republic; Chiroptera; distribution; ecology; Emballonuridae; Faunistik; first record; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros abae; Hipposideros beatus [= H. caffer?]; Hipposideros commersoni [gigas-vittatus]; Mammalia; Mimetillus moloneyi; Molossidae; morphology; Myotis bocagei cupreolus [bocagii cupreola]; Nycteridae; Nycteris arge; Pipistrellus rusticus marrensis; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus landeri; Scotoecus hirundo; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus nigritellus; species richness; systematics; Taphozous perforatus; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

The binding of staphylococcal protein A by the sera of different animal species - Richman, D. D.; Cleveland, P. H.; Oxman, M. N.; Johnson, K. M. (Journal of Immunology, 1982)
The capacity of purified immunoglobulin or serum to bind (125I)-labeled staphylococcal protein A (SPA) was measured by means of an immunofiltration assay that facilitated the examination of large numbers of sera and required only a minute quantity of each. Sera from 80 species, including humans, laboratory animals, domestic animals, and a variety of African mammals were examined. A wide interspecies variation in the SPA-binding capacity of serum immunoglobulins was confirmed. Only small variations were observed among individuals within the same species with one notable exception. A greater than 10,000-fold variation in SPA-binding capacity was observed among sera from nine goats. Interspecies differences in serum SPA-binding capacity correlated well with taxonomic differences, and the serum SPA-binding capacity correlated well with taxonomic differences, and the serum SPA- binding capacities of African mammals corresponded closely to those of their more common relatives. The sensitivity of antibody detection by indirect (125I)SPA immunoassay was shown to be determined mostly by the SPA-binding capacity of the serum examined. The titer of antibody to influenza A/Texas/1/77(H3N2) virus in sera from several different species, when measured by (125I)SPA immunofiltration assay, was directly proportional to the SPA-binding capacity of the serum and was not proportional to the hemagglutination inhibition titer. An (125I)SPA immunofiltration assay for antibody to Lassa virus in the serum of Mastomys natalensis (which binds SPA only one-thousandth as well as human serum) was at least as sensitive as the standard fluorescent antibody assay.
See Breman et al. 1999
Keywords: Central Africa; Chiroptera; Congo (Kinshasa); immunology; Mammalia

Découverte de Taphozous nudiventris dans l’A{\"ır (Chiroptères) - Dorst, J. (Mammalia, 1982)
Keywords: A{\"ır Mountains; Chiroptera; Emballonuridae; Niger; Taphozous nudiventris; West Africa

Dental ontogeny in the Old World leaf-nosed bats (Rhinolophidae, Hipposiderinae) - Hermanson, J. W.; Woods, C. A.; Howell, K. M. (J. Mamm., 1982)
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; deciduous dentition; development; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros ruber; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; teeth; Triaenops persicus [afer]

Echolocation assemblages and their effects on moth auditory systems - Fullard, J. H. (Can. J. Zool., 1982)
The auditory characteristics were analysed of a variety of tympanate Lepidoptera from areas representing low and high levels of bat (=echolocation signal) diversity. Moths sampled in sites in Zimbabwe and Ivory Coast (high diversity) revealed significantly higher sensitivities than those from Ontario (low diversity). These sensitivities were particularly pronounced at both low frequency (5-25 kHz) and high frequency (80-110 kHz). It is suggested that these auditory differences are due to the corresponding increased sensory requirements of tropical moths having to cope with a greater density and diversity of bats (predation pressure) there.
Keywords: Africa; allotonic frequency hypothesis; auditory sensitivity; Canada; Chiroptera; Côte d’Ivoire; echolocation; hearing; Insecta; Ivory Coast; Lepidoptera; North America; predation pressure; predator avoidance; sensory ecology; sound; Zimbabwe

Ecological and behavioural studies of the Megachiroptera at Mount Nimba, Liberia, with notes on Microchiroptera - Wolton, R. J.; Arak, P. A.; Godfray, H. C. J.; Wilson, R. P. (Mammalia, 1982)
A study of the Megachiroptera of Liberian Mount Nimba was made between July and September 1978. Fruit bats (1007) of 9 spp. (Myonycteris torquata leptodon, Nanonycteris veldkampii, Lissonycteris angolensis smithi, Rousettus aegyptiacus unicolor, Epomops buettikoferi, Scotonycteris zenkeri occidentalis, Scotonycteris ophiodon, Hypsignathus monstrosus and Eidolon helvum) were captured, almost exclusively with mist nets. A wide range of habitats and altitudes was sampled. Information on Megachiroptera is now available for nearly the whole year at Mount Nimba; much of this information is presented and analyzed here. Breeding and habitat information has been assembled and discussed for each species. Attention has been given to bat movements; N. veldkampi is a migrant to Nimba. Many bats were marked and released, but for a variety of possible reasons the recapture rate was very low. Methods by which resources may be partitioned among species are discussed. Six species were kept in the laboratory to allow observations on food handling and settling behavior, nightly food consumption and through-put times, and temporal patterns of activity to be made. Agreement between laboratory and field investigations of activity patterns is good for several species. Particular attention was paid to the behavior of the rare S. ophiodon. In addition, 280 Microchiroptera of 16 spp. were caught. Of these, 6 are new to Liberia (Rhinolophus clivosus, Scotophilus dinganii, Miniopterus inflatus, Pipistrellus nanulus, P. kuhli, and P. rusticus). Short notes have been made for each. Taxonomic notes for species of particular interest are provided by Hill (1982).
Keywords: [Chaerephon] Tadarida (Chaerephon) major; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; activity patterns; behaviour; Chiroptera; competition; day roosts; diet; ecology; ectoparasites; Eidolon helvum; energetics; Epomops buettikoferi; Faunistik; feeding habits; Fledermäuse; food distribution; foraging; frugivory; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni gigas; Hipposideros cyclops; Hipposideros marisae; Hipposideros ruber guineensis; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Liberia; Lissonycteris angolensis smithii; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus inflatus; Molossidae; Myonycteris torquata leptodon; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; Nanonycteris veldkampii; niche overlap; Nycteridae; Nycteris arge; Nycteris grandis; Nycteris macrotis; parasitism; Pipistrellus kuhli [hesperidus]; Pipistrellus nanulus; Pipistrellus rusticus; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus [R. hillorum]; roosting behaviour; Rousettus aegyptiacus unicolor; Scotonycteris ophiodon; Scotonycteris zenkeri occidentalis; Scotophilus dinganii [nux]; Vespertilionidae; West Africa; zoogeography

Ecological observations on epomophorine fruit-bats (Megachiroptera) in West African savanna woodland - Marshall, A. G.; McWilliam, A. N. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1982)
Three species of Megachiroptera were studied in Mole National Park, Ghana, by systematic netting in various habitats and by observations of bats in the field and in captivity. This study, undertaken in July-August 1974 and 1975, is a preliminary attempt to elucidate how these species partition the resources available to them, with particular emphasis upon roosting habits, food resources, and temporal and spatial differences in foraging behaviour. All three species give birth towards the beginning of the wet season and are probably polyoestrus. The larger species, Epomophorus gambianus, does not appear to compete with the other two due to differences in roosting habits and the food resources available to it consequent upon its larger size. The two smaller species, Micropteropus pusillus and Nanonycteris veldkampi, are similar in size. N. veldkampi is presumed absent from Mole in the dry season when food is scarce; in the wet season it may minimise competition by being better adapted for nectarivory, foraging later, and foraging at a greater height than M. pusillus.
Keywords: activity patterns; Chiroptera; competition; competitive exclusion; diet; ecology; Epomophorus gambianus; feeding habits; flowers; foraging; frugivory; Ghana; habitat preferences; Micropteropus pusillus; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; Nanonycteris veldkampii; nectarivory; niche overlap; Pteropodidae; West Africa

The Ecology of an African Savanna Fruit Bat Community: Resource Partitioning and Role in Seed Dispersal - Thomas, D. W. (Ph.D. Thesis, 1982)
Keywords: activity patterns; animal-plant interactions; behaviour; Chiroptera; competition; competitive exclusion; diet; dry season; ecology; Eidolon helvum; energetics; Epomops buettikoferi; Faunistik; food distribution; foraging; frugivory; habitat preferences; Hangplätze; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Ivory Coast; Lamto; Lissonycteris angolensis; Mali; Mammalia; metabolism; Micropteropus pusillus; migration; Myonycteris torquata; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; Nanonycteris veldkampii; niche overlap; physiology; Pteropodidae; reproduction; roosting behaviour; seasonality; seed dispersal; species richness; sympatric; Vegetation; West Africa; wet season

Estimation of the fruit bat population in the Kampala Bat Valley, Uganda - Baranga, J.; Kiregyera, B. (Afr. J. Ecol., 1982)
A population estimate of fruit bats was carried out in the Kampala Bat Valley roost. The model used was a single-stage systematic sampling of unequal primary units (trees). The trees were first listed in a ‘serpentine manner’ with neighbouring trees having contiguous serial numbers. After a random start, every seventeenth tree was selected so that a sample of fourteen out of a total of 238 trees were counted. The exercise was carried out over 3 months, January, February and March, in 1979.Information was gathered on the number of branches with bats, the number of bat clusters and cluster size. From the analysis of the data, the following monthly averages were obtained: total number of bats in the colony = 70,388; average number of bats on each tree = 310; average number of clusters per branch=4; average cluster size = 7.8. Measures of reliability of the estimates were made. The implications of these results and the conservation of the habitat are adjusted.
Keywords: Chiroptera; colony size; day roosts; East Africa; Eidolon helvum; population estimation; Pteropodidae; roosting; Uganda

Ethiopian mammals in the Hungarian Natural History Museum - Demeter, A.; Topál, G. (Annls. hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung., 1982)
A collection of 418 specimens belonging to 78 species of Ethiopian mammals is deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum. These are identified and notes on taxonomical aspects, distribution and field observations are included. A number of collecting localities are additional to the already known distributions of the species. Myotis bocagei is recorded for the first time for the country, and the second full specimen available for a rare genus, Megadendromus, is reported.
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; Artiodactyla; Cardioderma cor; Carnivora; Chiroptera; Emballonuridae; Ethiopia; Hyracoidea; Lagomorpha; Lavia frons affinis; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Molossidae; Myotis bocagei; Northeast Africa; Primates; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinopoma muscatellum; Rhinopomatidae; Rodentia; Soricidae; Taphozous perforatus haedinus; Tubilidentata; Vespertilionidae

Female reproduction and the female reproductive cycle of Hipposideros caffer caffer (Sundevall, 1846) in Natal, South Africa - Bernard, R. T. F.; Meester, J. A. J. (Ann. Transv. Mus., 1982)
Female reproduction and the female reproductive cycle of Hipposideros caffer from three disused mines in Natal (c. 29°S) are described.The uterus of H. caffer was bicornuate with sinistral structural and functional asymmetry. The corpus uteri and caudal ends of the uterine horns differed from the general mammalian pattern, being lined by stratified epithelium. Growth, development and atresia of ovarian follicles were typically mammalian. The corpus luteum of H. caffer, which was extruded from the ovary, disappeared within one month of ovulation.H. caffer was monoestrous and monotocous. Follicular development began in February, with copulation and ovulation occurring in late April (early winter). The gestation period was estimated to have been approximately 220 days of which the period of the zygote accounted for 21 days or 9.5 per cent, the period of the embryo 123 days or 55.9 per cent and the period of the foetus 76 days or 34,5 per cent. Development from fertilization to implantation was normal but embryonic development was retarded during winter. Parturition occurred in early December and was followed by a period of lactation/anoestrus during December and January.The oestrous cycle, including pregnancy, was characterised by a relatively long pregnancy stage and the absence of a separate period of anoestrus. H. caffer did not hibernate throughout the winter period but entered short periods of torpor during particularly cold spells. Results from the present study support the trend seen in the genus Hipposideros and other microchiropteran genera of increasing gestation length with increasing latitude.
Keywords: anatomy; Chiroptera; copulation; development; gestation period; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; histology; lactation; ovulation; parturition; reproduction; South Africa; torpor

First records of occurrence for two species of bats in the Kruger National Park - Rautenbach, I. L.; Espie, I. W. (Koedoe, 1982)
Keywords: Chiroptera; distribution; Eptesicus hottentotus; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus swinnyi; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

Hipposideridae (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the Mediterranean middle and late Neogene, and the evolution of the genera Hipposideros and Asellia - Legendre, S. (Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1982)
New fossils from the Burdigalian locality of Port-la-Nouvelle (southern France) add to our knowledge of the Hipposideridae. Four species of this family are represented, including a new species of the subgenus (Brachipposideros Sige (Hipposideros aguilari sp. nov.)), H. vetus (Lavocat) from Beni Mellal (Miocene of Morocco) and H. cf. vetus from Sete (late Pliocene of France), formerly attributed to Asellia, are placed in the subgenus Syndesmotis Peters, which includes the Recent East African species H. (S.) megalotis. The following genera and subgenera are recognized in this study: genus Hipposideros including the subgenera Hipposideros, Brachipposideros, Syndesmotis and Pseudorhinolopus, and the genus Asellia. Anatomy of teeth and jaws suggests new phyletic interpretations: Pseudorhinolophus could be ancestral to Asellia, and Brachipposideros to Syndesmotis; Pseudorhinolophus and Brachipposideros may both be represented in the Recent fauna by large and small Hipposideros, respectively; Brachipposideros is unlikely to have originated from Pseudorhinolophus, and neither of these genera can be derived from the Paleogene European genus Palaeophyllophora Revilliod.
Keywords: Africa; biogeography; Chiroptera; distribution; Djibouti; Europe; evolution; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; fossils; France; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros aguilari sp. nov.; Hipposideros megalotis; Mammalia; Morocco; morphology; palaeontology; phylogeny; speciation; species description; systematics; taxonomy; Verbreitung; zoogeography

Histological study of implantation in the Natal clinging bat (Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis) - van der Merwe, M. (J. Reprod. Fert., 1982)
In the Natal clinging bat, Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis, implantation is centric and superficial in the right uterine horn. The blastocyst implants during the bilaminar stage with the inner cell mass orientated antimesometrially. During the preimplantation period the blastocyst becomes completely enclosed by uterine mucosae with the trophoblast in close contact with the surrounding uterine epithelium. Just before implantation the trophoblast becomes bilaminar over the greater part of the embryonic hemisphere of the blastocyst. The uterine epithelium is very persistent and parts were still present mesometrially although penetration of the uterine endometrium had already occurred on the antimesometrial side.
Keywords: Chiroptera; development; histology; implantation; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus natalensis; reproduction; South Africa; uterus

Hope for Liberia - Verschuren, J. (Oryx, 1982)
Until recently Liberia has lagged far behind the rest of Africa in conservation, with no national parks, no hunting regulations, and widespread forest destruction. But the creation in 1976 of a Forest Development Authority with a dynamic staff offers real hope for the future. The author, widely known for his conservation work, especially in Zaire, spent four months on a WWF/IUCN survey in 1978-79; he describes what he found and the proposals he made to the Liberian authorities.
Keywords: bushmeat; Chiroptera; conservation; Eidolon helvum; Epomops buettikoferi; hunting; Liberia; Mammalia; mining; Mount Nimba; Myonycteris torquata; protected areas; Pteropodidae; rainforests; West Africa

Allopsylla hetera gen. n., sp. n. (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae) d’Afrique Centra1e - Beaucournu, J.-C.; Fain, A. (Rev. Zool. Afr., 1982)
Allopsylla hetera gen. n., sp. n. (Siph., Ischnopsyllidae) est décrit d’après 1 mâle et 1 femelle en provenance du Sud-Ouest du Za{\"ıre. Ce genre est apparenté à Lagaropsylla et, moins étroitement, à Araeopsylla. Lagaropsylla alloides Smit 1977, du Nigeria, est considéré comme appartenant à ce genre.
Keywords: Allopsylla alloides stat. nov.; Allopsylla hetera gen. & sp. nov.; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Congo (Kinshasa); ectoparasites; Insecta; Ischnopsyllidae; Lagaropsylla obliqua; Molossidae; Myopterus whitleyi; parasitism; Siphonaptera

Kleinsäuger aus dem Hochland von Adamaoua, Kamerun - Hutterer, R.; Joger, U. (Bonn. zool. Beitr., 1982)
Species (35) of small mammals are recorded from the Adamaoua highlands of Cameroun. Six represent first records from Cameroun: Suncus infinitesimus, Crocidura boydi, C. roosevelti, Eptesicus guineensis, Aethomys hindei and Uranomys ruddi. C. attila and A. stannarius are raised to specific rank, and the characters of A. stannarius and A. hindei are described. A considerable number of mammals of the Cameroun mountains are East African species and endemics.
Keywords: [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus guineensis; Aethomys hindei; biodiversity; Cameroon; Carnivora; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Crocidura attila; Crocidura boydi; Crocidura denti; Crocidura dolichura; Crocidura flavescens bueae; Crocidura gracilipes; Crocidura manengubae; Crocidura roosevelti; Crocidura turba; Dasymys incomptus; distribution; ecology; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni gigas; Hipposideros ruber guineensis; Lagomorpha; Lemniscomys striatus; Leporidae; Lepus whytei; Lissonycteris angolensis; Lophuromys sikapusi; Mammalia; Mastomys huberti; Micropteropus pusillus; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersi villiersi; morphology; Muridae; Mus musculoides; Mus setulosus; Myonycteris torquata; Oenomys hypoxanthus; Pipistrellus nanulus; Praomys jacksoni; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; Scotoecus hirundo hirundo; Scotophilus viridis nigritellus; Soricidae; Soricomorpha; species richness; Suncus infinitesimus; Sylvisorex megalura; sympatric; systematics; taxonomy; Thryonomyidae; Thryonomys swinderianus; Uranomys ruddi; Verbreitung; Vespertilionidae; Viverra civetta; Viverridae; zoogeography

Mammals of the Transvaal - Rautenbach, I. L. (Ecoplan Monograph, N° 1, Ecoplan, 1982)
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Glauconycteris variegata] Chalinolobus variegata; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; [Mops] Tadarida midas; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus zuluensis; [Nycticeinops] Nycticeius schlieffenii australis; behaviour; Chiroptera; Cloeotis percivali australis; distribution; ecology; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus crypturus; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; identification key; Kerivoula argentata zuluensis; Kerivoula lanosa lucia; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus fraterculus; Miniopterus schreibersi natalensis; Molossidae; Myotis bocagii; Myotis tricolor; Myotis welwitschii; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica capensis; Pipistrellus kuhli broomi [hesperidusi]; Pipistrellus rusticus; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii empusa; Rhinolophus clivosus augur; Rhinolophus clivosus zuluensis; Rhinolophus darlingi; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus landeri lobatus; Rhinolophus simulator; Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi [leachii]; Sauromys petrophilus; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus viridis; South Africa; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Tadarida ventralis; Taphozous mauritianus; Taphozous perforatus; Vespertilionidae

The micromammalian fauna from Border Cave, Kwazulu, South Africa - Avery, D. M. (Journal of Archaeological Science, 1982)
The micromammalian fauna from Border Cave is analysed in terms of community composition and structure. Changes in these aspects are interpreted as indicative of changes in vegetation and climate in the vicinity of the cave during the period of deposition. It would appear that vegetation comprised relatively extensive forest or thick bush and dense grass during wetter phases and fairly open savanna woodland, even open grassland, during drier periods. Variation through time in mean mandibular size in two species of Crocidura (musk shrew) was different both in the two species and from what was expected. It now seems likely that the size change constitutes a response to complex phenomena and not simply to changes in temperature. Comparison with the Boomplaas A sequence indicates that the same general pattern of change is reflected at both sites but that there was a greater amplitude of change at Boomplaas A and that 18O stage 4 was dry at this site but wet at Border Cave. Evidence for periodic changes in the distribution of various species, and in some cases the mutually exclusive occurrence of ecologically equivalent species, has implications for the zoogeography of the species involved. In particular, the occurrence of Pelomys fallax (creek rat) in the lower half of the sequence is of interest in view of its present distribution 600 + km north of Border Cave.
Keywords: [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; Chiroptera; climate; Eptesicus cf. hottehtotus [sic; fossils; hottentotus]; Mammalia; Myotis tricolor; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; palaeontology; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus cf. clivosus; Scotophilus nigrita [dinganii?]; South Africa; Vegetation; Vespertilionidae; zoogeography

Monthly changes in the female reproductive organs and the reproductive cycle of Myotis tricolor (Vespertilionidae: Chiroptera) - Bernard, R. T. F. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1982)
Myotis tricolor was monoestrous and monotocous. The oestrous cycle was characterized by a prolonged period of oestrus between mid-April and mid-September and a short period of anoestrus between the termination of lactation and the onset of pro-oestrus. The female reproductive cycle was characterized by copulation in mid-April and ovulation and fertilization in mid-September. The gestation period was estimated to have been 63 days and parturition occurred between mid-November and mid-December. Parturition was followed by a six-week period of lactation. It is assumed that between mid-April and mid-September the female stored spermatozoa in the uterine horns, a reproductive strategy previously reported for north-temperate members of this genus.
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; copulation; delayed fertilization; ecology; Fledermäuse; gestation; Mammalia; mating systems; monoestry; Myotis tricolor; ovulation; reproduction; reproductive cycle; South Africa; sperm storage; Vespertilionidae

A morphometric analysis of the lung of a species of bat - Maina, J. N.; King, A. S.; King, D. Z. (Respiration Physiology, 1982)
The lungs of five adult epauleted fruit-bats (Epomophorus wahlbergi) of mean body weight 96 g were analysed morphometrically. The lung volume per unit body weight was 0.043 cm3/g, the surface area of the tissue barrier (i.e., the effective alveolar surface area) component of the blood-gas pathway per unit body weight was 138 cm2/g, and the surface density of the tissue barrier (surface area of the tissue barrier per unit volume of parenchyma) was 121 mm2/mm3. The harmonic mean thickness of the tissue barrier was between 0.267 and 0.349 µm. The morphometric pulmonary diffusing capacity per unit body weight (DlO2/W) was 0.02 ml O2 per min per mm Hg per g. These values are compared with those of shrews and birds.It is suggested that in bats enlargement of the lungs, small subdivisions of the air spaces, and a thin blood-gas barrier, could be linked with previously reported circulatory adaptations to account for the high oxygen consumption during flight.
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; East Africa; Epomophorus wahlbergi; flight; Kenya; lungs; morphometrics; physiology; Pteropodidae; pulmonary diffusing capacity

Nektar-Lecken beim afrikanischen Langzungen-Flughund Megaloglossus woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885 - Kulzer, E. (Bonn. zool. Beitr., 1982)
The dorsal surface of the tongue of M. woermanni, the African long-tongued fruitbat, is highly adapted to nectar-drinking. The anterior tip of the tongue is covered by rows of hair-like papillae which project posteriorly. The filiform papillae are 0.7 mm in length and 0.2 mm in width (at their base). They become shorter at the lateral surface of the tongue. The many filiform papillae not only occupy a large area on the tip of the tongue, the very short distances between them (0.2 mm) cause a felt-like structure in which the nectar is caught. These anatomical structures are generally similar to the surface of the tongue of the New World nectar-feeding bats, especially in Glossophaga soricina. The quick movements of the tongue of M. woermanni could be shown by motion pictures. Using honey-water as food, the fruitbats made 7 licking movements/s; the amount of fluid withdrawn from a glass tube was 0.18 ml/s.
Keywords: behaviour; Central Africa; Chiroptera; diet; filiform papillae; flowers; food; Gabon; Glossophaga soricina; Mammalia; Megaloglossus woermanni; morphology; nectar licking; nectarivory; Phyllostomidae; Pteropodidae; tongue

A new isolate of Lagos bat virus from the Republic of South Africa - Crick, J.; Tignor, G. H.; Moreno, K. (Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1982)
In 1980, a virus isolated from a bat in Natal, Republic of South Africa, was initially identified in the fluorescent antibody test as rabies virus. We have now shown this isolate to be Lagos bat virus. The possible epizootiological significance of this finding is discussed.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Epomophorus wahlbergi; infectious diseases; lyssaviruses; Pteropodidae; South Africa; virology

A new species of Glauconycteris from the east coast of Kenya (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) - Peterson, R. L. (Can. J. Zool., 1982)
A unique specimen of Glauconycteris differs from any known species of bat in colour, facial markings, and cranial characteristics and is diagnosed as a new species.
Keywords: Chiroptera; distribution; East Africa; Glauconycteris argentata; Glauconycteris gleni; Glauconycteris kenyacola sp. nov.; Glauconycteris variegata; Kenya; Mammalia; morphology; species description; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Notes sur les Labidocarpines (Acari, Chirodiscidae) parasites des chiroptères - Fain, A. (Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg.: Ent., 1982)
Keywords: [Mops condylurus] Nyctinomus angolensis; [Saccolaimus] Taphozous peli; Acari; Africa; Arachnida; Asia; Cameroon; Cardioderma cor; Chirodiscidae; Chiroptera; Coleura afra; Comoros; Congo (Kinshasa); ectoparasites; Emballonuridae; Ethiopia; Furipteridae; Glauconycteris argentata; Guinea Bissau; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer centralis; Hipposideros sp.; identification key; Indian Ocean; Kenya; Kerivoula cuprosa; Kerivoula smithi; Lavia frons; Megadermatidae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus inflatus; Molossidae; Mormoopidae; Morocco; Myotis blythi [punicus]; Myotis goudoti; Nycteridae; Nycteris hispida; Otomops martiensseni; parasitism; Phyllostomidae; Rwanda; South America; Tanzania; Taphozous mauritianus; Taphozous sp.; Triaenops afer; Vespertilionidae

Noteworthy extensions of known ranges of three African fruit bat species (Mammalia, Megachiroptera) - Bergmans, W. (Bull. zool. Mus. Univ. Amsterdam, 1982)
True Nanonycteris veldkampii (Jentink, 1888) is recorded from the Central African Republic for the first time. The disputed occurrence of Epomops buettikoferi (Matschie, 1899) in Nigeria is confirmed. Rousettus lanosus Thomas, 1906, is added to the faunal list of Sudan.
Keywords: Africa; Central African Republic; Chiroptera; Epomops buettikoferi; Faunistik; Mammalia; morphology; Nanonycteris veldkampii; Nigeria; Pteropodidae; Rousettus lanosus; Sudan; systematics; taxonomy; zoogeography

Predation by a snake of a flower-visiting bat at Parkia nitida (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) - Hopkins, H. C. F.; Hopkins, M. J. G. (Brittonia, 1982)
An observation of a snake catching a bat visiting a capitulum of the chiropterophilous tree Parkia nitida is described. The implications of predator avoidance on the behavior of pollinators and hence on cross-pollination are discussed. Fear of predation may be the reason why some bats make only brief visits to Parkia capitula.
Keywords: Africa; Brazil; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Indian Ocean; Parkia biglobosa; Parkia nitida; Parkia roxburghii; Phyllostomidae; pollination; predation pressure; predators; Pteropodidae; Pteropus seychellensis; Reptilia; Serpentes; South America

On the presence of Nyctalus lasiopterus in North Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Palmeirim, J. M. (Mammalia, 1982)
Keywords: Algeria; Chiroptera; Morocco; North Africa; Nyctalus lasiopterus; Nyctalus noctula; Vespertilionidae

Prey of the spotted eagle-owl Bubo africanus in the Awash National Park, Ethiopia - Demeter, A. (Bonn. zool. Beitr., 1982)
The prey composition of Bubo africanus is reported as determined by analyses of prey remains from a roosting site in the Awash National Park of Ethiopia. Mammals accounted for 88% of the total number of prey items; in particular Tatera robusta, Arvicanthis somalicus, Gerbillus pusillus and Crocidura fuscomurina were the most frequent prey. By mass Tatera robusta and Arvicanthis somalicus made up over 60% of the total mammalian prey. Crocidura cf. lusitania, C. cf. viaria, C. pasha and Steatomys sp. are first recorded for the whole of Ethiopia. In addition to these, Myotis tricolor and Praomys cf. fumatus are first recorded for the Awash National Park.
Keywords: Acomys cahirinus; Amphibia; Arvicanthis dembeensis; Arvicanthis somalicus; Asellia tridens; Aves; Bubo africanus; Chiroptera; Coleoptera; Crocidura cf. lusitania; Crocidura cf. viaria; Crocidura flavescens; Crocidura fulvastra; Crocidura fuscomurina; Crocidura pasha; Crocidura somalica; diet; Emballonuridae; Ethiopia; food; Gerbillus pusillus; Heterocephalus glaber; Hipposideridae; Insecta; Lagomorpha; Leporidae; Lepus habessinicus; Muridae; Mus tenellus; Myotis tricolor; Northeast Africa; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Praomys spp.; predation; prey; Reptilia; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinopoma hardwickii; Rhinopomatidae; Rodentia; Soricidae; Soricomorpha; Steatomys sp.; Strigidae; Strigiformes; Taphozous perforatus; Tatera robusta; Vespertilionidae

Prey specificity of the barn owl, Tyto alba, in the Great Fish River valley of the Eastern Cape Province - Perrin, M. R. (S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1982)
The responses of barn owls preying on a community of small mammals in the Great Fish River valley of the Eastern Cape have been determined by pellet analysis. The species composition of the prey was compared with the results of intensive trapping in adjacent habitat. Differences were apparent and their probable causes are discussed. The age-structure of several prey species found in the pellets was recorded following the establishment of relative age classes based on tooth wear, and interpreted in relation to the theory of prudent predation. There was no common pattern of age specific mortality. It was concluded that prudent and non-prudent behaviour may occur irregularly in space and time in these polyphagous barn owls, since the prey species varied in size and density, and were characterized by different reproductive strategies and survivorship patterns.
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; Mammalia; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; predation; Rodentia; Soricomorpha; South Africa; Strigiformes; Tyto alba; Tytonidae

Recherches scientifique dans les Parcs Nationaux du Sénégal. XXII. Note sur les cheiroptères du Sénégal, principalement dans les Parcs Nationaux du Niokolo-Koba et du Delta du Saloum - Verschuren, J. (Mém. Inst. Fondam. Afr. Noire, 1982)
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida (Chaerephon) pumila; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; Chiroptera; distribution; ecology; Epomophorus gambianus; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer guineensis [ruber]; Mammalia; Molossidae; Nycteridae; Nycteris macrotis; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus occidentalis [unicolor]; Scotophilus leucogaster; Scotophilus nigrita; Senegal; species richness; Vespertilionidae; West Africa

Records of bats from Mount Nimba, Liberia - Hill, J. Edwards (Mammalia, 1982)
Keywords: [Chaerephon] Tadarida major; Chiroptera; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros marisae; Liberia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus inflatus; Molossidae; Mount Nimba; Pipistrellus kuhlii [hesperidus]; Pipistrellus nanulus; Pipistrellus rusticus; Pipistrellus sp. [sp. nov. Bumbuna?]; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus [R. hillorum]; Scotonycteris ophiodon; Scotophilus dinganii; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; West Africa

A review of the leaf-nosed bats Rhinonycteris, Cloeotis and Triaenops (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) - Hill, J. Edwards (Bonn. zool. Beitr., 1982)
The major taxonomic features of three hipposiderid genera, Rhinonycteris, Cloeotis and Triaenops are described and discussed. Where appropriate, species and subspecies are diagnosed and defined, with an indication of geographic variation.
Keywords: Africa; Asia; Australia; Chiroptera; Cloeotis percivali; Hipposideridae; identification key; Madagascar; morphology; Near East; noseleaves; revision; Rhinonicteris aurantia; systematics; taxonomy; Triaenops afer; Triaenops afer majusculus; Triaenops auritus; Triaenops furculus; Triaenops humbloti; Triaenops persicus; Triaenops rufus

Structure sociale du chiroptère Hipposideros beatus - Brosset, A. (Mammalia, 1982)
One small population of H. beatus (Chiroptera) was marked and regularly observed for 3 yr in an island of the Ivindo river, Gabon (0.4° lat. N, 12° long.). The social structure of this bat is the monogamous family, i.e., 1 pair of adults with 1 yearling of the preceding breeding season. These families are sedentary and occupy small territories which saturate the specific biotope. The same male and the same female remain associated from the beginning of a mating season to the beginning of the next one (June-June). At this time, new pairs are formed, through an exchange of mates in the population. The yearling may associate with a pair of adults which are not its parents. According to a few observations, sexual maturity occurs when the females are 6 mo. old and when the males are at least 1 yr old. Comparisons are made with the other sympatric species of Hipposideros which occupy different types of diurnal roosts, and have different social systems. The nature of the diurnal roost seems an important factor in the evolution of the social structure in bats. The few species known to live in pairs are ecologically rather restricted to specialized biotopes, and occupy diurnal roosts which are not usually suitable as shelter for large groups of individuals. In the congeneric species of Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae, the evolution of the social systems seems as divergent as the species are sympatric.
Keywords: Central Africa; Chiroptera; day roosts; ecology; Fledermäuse; Gabon; group size; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros beatus; Makokou; Mammalia; mating systems; monogamy; reproduction; roosting behaviour; social behaviour; social organization; territoriality

Two bats (Chiroptera) new to the fauna of Malawi - Harrison, D. L. (Nyala, 1982)
Keywords: Chiroptera; distribution; Lavia frons; Malawi; Megadermatidae; Myotis tricolor; Southern Africa; Vespertilionidae

Two new species of chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) from East African bats (Chiroptera) - Goff, M. L. (Journal of Medical Entomology, 1982)
Microtrombicula (Eltonella) tanzaniae is described from specimens collected from Noack’s African leaf-nosed bat, Hipposideros ruber ruber, Persian leaf-nosed bat, Triaenops persicus afer, and Egyptian slit-faced bat, Nycteris thebaica, and Whartonia novemsetosa from Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus, taken in Tanzania, Africa. New host and locality records are given for Whartonia oweni.
Keywords: Acari; Arachnida; Chiroptera; East Africa; ectoparasites; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros ruber; Microtrombicula tanzaniae sp. nov.; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; parasitism; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Tanzania; Triaenops afer; Whartonia novemsetosa sp. nov.

An additional record of Myonycteris relicta Bergmans, 1980, from Tanzania (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Schlitter, D. A.; McLaren, S. B. (Ann. Carn. Mus., 1981)
A 4th specimen of the East African relict collared fruit bat, M. relicta Bergmans, 1980, is reported. This specimen, from the Nguru Mountains of central Tanzania, supports the contention of a previous connection between East African mountain forests with central African counterparts. External and cranial measurements of the new specimen are compared with other reported M. relicta and a sample of M. torquata.
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; Faunistik; Mammalia; morphology; Myonycteris relicta; Pteropodidae; systematics; Tanzania; taxonomy; zoogeography

Bat records from Mauritania, Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Qumsiyeh, M. B.; Schlitter, D. A. (Ann. Carn. Mus., 1981)
The occurrence of 7 spp. of bats previously unknown in Mauritania are documented, making a total of 11 spp. of bats recorded from the country. The new records include Taphozous perforatus, Nycteris hispida, Hipposideros caffer, Asellia tridens, Pipistrellus rueppelli, Scotophilus leucogaster and Tadarida condylura. Additional information is provided on Rhinopoma hardwickei, R. microphyllum and Nycticeius schlieffeni, already known to occur in Mauritania.
Keywords: Asellia tridens; Chiroptera; distribution; Emballonuridae; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Mammalia; Mauritania; Molossidae; Mops condylurus; morphology; Nycteridae; Nycteris hispida; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Rhinopoma hardwickii; Rhinopoma microphyllum; Rhinopomatidae; Scotophilus leucogaster; systematics; Taphozous perforatus; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; West Africa

Chromosomal evolution in African Megachiroptera: G- and C-band assessment of the magnitude of change in similar standard karyotypes - Haiduk, M. W.; Baker, R. J.; Robbins, L. W.; Schlitter, D. A. (Cytogen. Cell. Genet., 1981)
Differential staining (G- and C-banding) is used to assess magnitude of chromosomal variation in 8 spp. of African megachiropterans (Myonycteris torquata, Lissonycteris angolensis, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Epomops franqueti, Hypsignathus monstrosus, Micropteropus pusillus, Scotonycteris ophiodon and Megaloglossus woermanni). These data are compared with those suggested by standard karyotypic studies; in this example standard methods underestimate chromosomal variation by a factor > 4.5. Models constructed from patterns of chromosomal evolution in standard karyotypes evidently need to be evaluated in light of in-depth studies based on G- and C-bands.
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; chromosomes; cytogenetics; Epomops; evolution; Hypsignathus; karyotypes; Lissonycteris; Mammalia; Megaloglossus; Micropteropus; morphology; Myonycteris; phylogeny; Pteropodidae; Rousettus; Scotonycteris; speciation; species richness; systematics; taxonomy

Contribution a l’étude du régime alimentaire du hibou grand duc Bubo bubo ascalaphus au Maroc - Lesne, L.; Thevenot, M. (Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, Rabat, 1981)
The present study is based on the results of the analysis of about 800 eagle owl’s pellets collected from 1971 to 1978 in four different localities in Morocco. Mammals constitute the eagle owl’s principal preys, particularly Jaculus orientalis and Meriones shawi. Hedgehogs, Lagomorpha (hare, rabbits), birds and insects are also found.
Keywords: Arthropoda; Aves; Bubo ascalaphus; Chiroptera; diet; food; Insecta; Lagomorpha; Mammalia; Morocco; Myotis sp.; North Africa; predation; Rodentia; Soricidae; Strigiformes; Vespertilionidae

Correspondence of food habits and morphology in insectivorous bats - Freeman, P. W. (J. Mamm., 1981)
Keywords: Chiroptera; diet; feeding; Mammalia; skull

Detection of certain African, insectivorous bats by sympatric, tympanate moths - Fullard, J. H.; Thomas, D. W. (J. Comp. Physiol. A, 1981)
The tympanic organs of moths we studied in Zimbabwe responded differentially to the echolocation/hunting signals of sympatric, insectivorous bats. Bats employing very high frequencies (> 110 kHz) and/or low intensity cries tend to be first detected by tympanal preparations at distances considerably less than those with more intense, mid-frequency (20-60 kHz) cries. There appears to be some positive correlation between acoustically inconspicous bats and the amount of auditive prey they feed on although there are theoretical disadvantages in producing highly undetectable orientation cries.
Keywords: Beuteortung; Beutespektrum; Chiroptera; echolocation; feeding habits; Fenton 1986]; Fledermäuse; foraging; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni [vittatus]; Hipposideros ruber [= H. caffer; Insecta; Kerivoula argentata; Laephotis angolensis; Lepidoptera; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; moths; Nahrungsspektrum; Neoromicia capensis; Neoromicia nanus; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Nycteris woodi; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Pipistrellus rueppellii; predation pressure; predator avoidance; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus viridis; Southern Africa; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe

Ecological side effects of dieldrin application against tsetse flies in Adamaoua, Cameroon - Müller, P.; Nagel, P.; Flacke, W. (Oecologia, 1981)
Keywords: Aves; Central Africa; Chiroptera; gallery forests; Glossina morsitans; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni gigas; Insecta; Lissonycteris angolensis; Mammalia; Micropteropus pusillus; pesticides; Pisces; Pteropodidae; Rodentia

Enquête sur la circulation d’arbovirus dans plusieurs milieux boises de la région de Bobo-Dioulasso (Haute-Volta). II. Prélèvements de petits mammifères: Lots constitues en 1980 - Hervy, J.-P.; Legros, F. (Organisation de Coordination et de Coopération pour la Lutte contre les Grandes Endémies, Centre Muraz, Section d’Entomologie, 1981)
Keywords: Burkina Faso; Chiroptera; Epomophorus gambianus; Heliosciurus gambianus; infectious diseases; Mammalia; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; virology; West Africa

Enquête sur la circulation d’arbovirus dans plusieurs milieux boises de la région de Bobo-Dioulasso (Haute-Volta): Lots de Culicidae et prélèvements de petits vertèbres réalises en 1981 - Hervy, J.-P.; Legros, F. (Organisation de Coordination et de Coopération pour la Lutte contre les Grandes Endémies, Centre Muraz, Section d’Entomologie, 1981)
Keywords: Burkina Faso; Chiroptera; Culicidae; Diptera; Epomophorus gambianus; infectious diseases; Insecta; Mammalia; Pteropodidae; virology; West Africa

Enquête sur la circulation d’arbovirus en forêt de Lera, Sud-Ouest de la Haute-Volta (du 17 au 23 août 1981) - Hervy, J.-P.; Legros, F. (Organisation de Coordination et de Coopération pour la Lutte contre les Grandes Endémies, Centre Muraz, Section d’Entomologie, 1981)
Keywords: Aves; Burkina Faso; Chiroptera; Culicidae; Diptera; Eidolon helvum; Epomophorus gambianus; infectious diseases; Insecta; Mammalia; Primates; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; virology; West Africa

Fetal development of the bat Miniopterus schreibersi natalensis - van der Merwe, M. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1981)
Prenatal development in the fetus of Miniopterus schreibersi natalensis is discussed. Due to the long period of delayed implantation in this subspecies, the age of even the smallest fetuses, where the fore-limb buds just become visible will be around 150 days. The most reliable criterion for age determination proved to be body mass, and all fetal ages were estimated by using the equation t = W1/3 / 0.0145 + 144.
Keywords: age; anatomy; body mass; Chiroptera; development; growth; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus natalensis; reproduction; South Africa

Hepatocystis in Hypsignathus monstrosus (Pteropinea) in Gaboon. I. Hepatocystis malaria in a hammerhead bat population in Gaboon, West Africa - Ayala, S. C.; Bradbury, J. W.; Bradbury, S. (Ann. Parasitol. Humaine et Comp., 1981)
Blood smears from 142 Hypsignathus monstrosus collected from one site in Gaboon were examined; 139 bats showed Hepatocystis infection; it seems that all animals have acquired Hepatocystis infection by the time they are 6 months of age. Intensity of parasitemias varies according to age, sex and for females to their reproductive status.
Keywords: Central Africa; Chiroptera; endoparasites; Gabon; Hypsignathus monstrosus; infectious diseases; Mammalia; parasitism; Protozoa; Pteropodidae; reproduction

Nycteris grandis (Nycteridae): An African carnivorous bat - Fenton, M. B.; Thomas, D. W.; Sasseen, R. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1981)
Nycteris grandis in Mana Pools National Park in Zimbabwe regularly include a variety of vertebrates and arthropods in their diet, ranging from fish through frogs, bats and birds, to different Orthoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Analysis of the faeces of these bats suggests a considerable range in size of prey taken, from the 10 g birds and bats to caddis flies 15 mm long.
Keywords: Amphibia; Anura; Aves; behaviour; Beutespektrum; carnivory; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; feeding habits; Fledermäuse; foraging; habitat preferences; Hangplätze; Insecta; Mammalia; Mana Pools National Park; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; Nycteridae; Nycteris grandis; Pisces; predation pressure; prey selection; roosting behaviour; Southern Africa; Zimbabwe

Lagos bat virus in South Africa - Meredith, C. D.; Standing, E. (Lancet, 1981)
Keywords: Chiroptera; Epomophorus wahlbergi; infectious diseases; lyssaviruses; Pteropodidae; South Africa; virology

Mammals of Itala Nature Reserve, Natal - Rautenbach, I. L.; Nel, J. A. J.; Root, G. A. (The Lammergeyer, 1981)
Keywords: [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; Chiroptera; distribution; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Eptesicus hottentotus; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus fraterculus; Myotis tricolor; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus clivosus; Scotophilus dinganii; South Africa; survey; Vespertilionidae

A multivariate study of the family Molossidae (Mammalia, Chiroptera): Morphology, ecology, evolution - Freeman, P. W. (Fieldiana: Zoology n.s., 1981)
Molossus, Promops, Mops, Chaerephon, Otomops, Tadarida, Mormopterus, Sauromys, Platymops, Molossops, Neoplatymops, Cynomops, Myopterus, Cheiromeles and Eumops are discussed. Morphology was studied using statistical analysis. A key to the genera is provided. Biogeography is discussed.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; identification key; Mammalia; Molossidae; phylogeny; speciation; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; zoogeography

A new species of bat of the genus Tadarida (family Molossidae) from West Africa - El-Rayah, M. A. (Life Sci. occas. Papers, 1981)
As a result of a systematic analysis and review of the nominal species included in the proposed subgenus Xiphonycteris Koopman (1975) (Family Molossidae, Order Chiroptera), a distinct new taxon from West Africa, Tadarida petersoni sp. nov., is confirmed and described.
Keywords: [Mops] Tadarida (Xiphonycteris) petersoni sp. nov.; Africa; Cameroon; Chiroptera; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Ghana; identification key; Mammalia; Molossidae; morphology; species description; systematics; taxonomy

Parasites of house-dwelling, insectivorous bats from Alabe, Kwara State, Nigeria - Edungbola, L. D. (J. Parasitol., 1981)
Keywords: Chaerephon nigeriae; Chiroptera; Helminthes; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer tephrus; Mammalia; Molossidae; Nigeria; Nycteridae; Nycteris gambiensis; parasitism; West Africa

Pugu Forest Reserve: Biological values and development - Howell, K. M. (Afr. J. Ecol., 1981)
The Pugu Forest Reserve, a small 22 km2 reserve near Dar es Salaam, is one of the last remaining vestiges of lowland coastal forest in Tanzania and contains a unique flora with twelve endemic species and one endemic genus. The Pugu Forest Reserve is the type locality for several species of invertebrates. The herpetofauna of the forest is unusual and recent collections have yielded two species not previously recorded for coastal Tanzania. The forest is the southernmost point in the range of an endemic East African coastal bird, the Sokoke pipit, and a number of bird species with unusual or restricted distributions are found in the forest. The mammals of the forest have not yet been studied in detail but many of the larger species formerly occupying the area are no longer present. It is suggested that the small portions of natural vegetation remaining within the Pugu Forest Reserve should be given total protection under a Nature Reserve conservation status and that this status be extended to a number of natural habitats, not only forests, which are in danger of destruction in Tanzania.
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Chaerephon] Tadarida major; [Lissonycteris] Rousettus angolensis; Aves; checklist; Chiroptera; coastal forests; conservation; East Africa; endemism; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros ruber; Mammalia; Molossidae; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus landeri lobatus; species richness; Tanzania; Triaenops persicus afer

Recognition of species of insectivorous bats by their echolocation calls - Fenton, M. B.; Bell, G. P. (J. Mamm., 1981)
The use of frequency, duration, and patterns of frequency change over time to identify 39 species of North American and African bats by their search phase echolocation calls is described. The data were obtained from an oscilloscope display of the cells presented by a zero-crossing period meter when the calls had been detected by a broadband microphone. Species using high intensity calls are more easily sampled than those using calls of intermediate intensity; bats using low intensity calls are not readily sampled by this system. Identification of bats in the field by their calls requires observation of known individuals under field conditions. The echolocation calls included frequency components from 8 to 210 kHz. At all sites, species using frequency modulated (FM) calls with frequencies from 25 to 65 kHz predominated; larger faunas exhibited greater variability in types of calls. The identification of echolocating bats by their calls depends upon the size of the bat fauna, the levels of bat activity, and inherent characteristics of the calls.
Keywords: Africa; Canada; Chaerephon ansorgei; Chaerephon chapini; Chaerephon nigeriae; Chiroptera; Cloeotis percivali; Côte d’Ivoire; Emballonuridae; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer [Fenton 1986]; Hipposideros commersoni; Hipposideros ruber; Ivory Coast; Kerivoula argentata; Laephotis angolensis; Molossidae; Neoromicia capensis; Neoromicia nana; North America; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Nycteris woodi; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Otomops martiensseni; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus denti; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus simulator; Scotophilus viridis; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Tadarida fulminans; Taphozous mauritianus; USA; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe

The Seychelles fruit bat, Pteropus seychellensis seychellensis - Nicoll, M. E.; Racey, P. A. (Afr. J. Ecol., 1981)
The Seychelles fruit bat, Pteropus seychellensis seychellensis Milne Edwards 1877 (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) is confined to the granitic islands of the Seychelles archipelago where it has traditionally been taken for food. Little information on the abundance of fruit bats or the effects of human activities on their populations is available (Racey, 1979). An expedition from Aberdeen university in 1977, one of the aims of which was to evaluate the need for conservation of the endemic mammals of the Seychelles Islands, included a survey of bat roosts on some of the islands.
Keywords: abundance; Africa; Chiroptera; conservation; day roosts; density; distribution; Indian Ocean; Pteropodidae; Pteropus seychellensis; roosting behaviour; Seychelles; Verbreitung

Small animals and the food of owls (Tyto and Bubo) in northern Nigeria - Demeter, A. (Vertebrata Hungarica, 1981)
120 specimens representing 13 species of small mammals were collected in Yankari Game Reserve, northern Nigeria and in cultivated land outside the reserve. Of these, Crocidura odorata, C. pasha, Epomophorus gambianus, Tadarida (Mops) condylura and Graphiurus murinus are new records for the reserve. Pellets from Bubo africanus and Tyto alba were examined: shrews and rodents were the most important prey. New records for the reserve as indicated in owl pellets are Taphozous mauritianus, Nycteris major, Crocidura flavescens, C. poensis and Dasymys incomtus. Suncus infinitesimus was found in pellets from Futuk.
Keywords: Aves; Bubo africanus; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus gambianus; Mammalia; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; Mops condylurus; Nigeria; Nycteridae; Nycteris major [N. macrotis]; Pipistrellus sp.; predation; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; Soricidae; Strigiformes; Taphozous mauritianus; Tyto alba; Vespertilionidae; West Africa

The status of bats on western Indian Ocean islands, with special reference to Pteropus - Cheke, A. S.; Dahl, J. F. (Mammalia, 1981)
The history and current status of bats on western India Ocean islands, excluding Madagascar, is reviewed. Attention is drawn to the total extinction of Pteropus subniger (Mauritius & Réunion), and to the critical rarity of both Pteropus rodricensis (Rodrigues) and Coleura seychellensis (granitic Seychelles). Scotophilus borbonicus (Reunion) has not been seen in over a century, but could still survive. Pteropus livingstonii, now also very rare and vulnerable, is recorded for the first time from Moheli (Comoros). We were unable to confirm the continued existence in the Comoros of the endemic Rousettus obliviosus last collected in 1903.
Keywords: [Chaerephon pusillus] Tadarida pumila; [Mormopterus] Tadarida acetabulosus; Africa; Agalega; Anjouan; bushmeat; Chiroptera; Coleura seychellensis; Comoros; conservation; diet; ecology; Emballonuridae; folivory; hunting; Indian Ocean; island biogeography; Mascarenes; Mayotte; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus minor griveaudi; Mohéli; Molossidae; Myotis goudoti anjouanensis; natural history; Pteropodidae; Pteropus livingstonii; Pteropus niger; Pteropus rodricensis; Pteropus seychellensis comorensis; Pteropus subniger; Réunion; Rodrigues; roosting; Rousettus obliviosus; Scotophilus borbonicus; Seychelles; Taphozous mauritianus; threats; Vespertilionidae

Zur Chiropteren-Fauna von Burundi (Mammalia) - Kock, D. (Senckenbergiana biol., 1981)
The bat species known for Burundi are briefly reviewed and further records are given; four additional species are reported: Micropteropus pusillus, Taphozous mauritianus, Nycteris macrotis, Eptesicus flavescens. A list of acceptable species records summarizes the bat fauna hitherto known.
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila limbata; [Lissonycteris] Rousettus angolensis; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; [Mops] Tadarida niveiventer; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; [Pipistrellus grandidieri] Eptesicus flavescens; Burundi; Central Africa; checklist; Chiroptera; distribution; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus labiatus anurus; Faunistik; first records; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros ruber; Lavia frons; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; morphology; Myotis bocagei; Nycteridae; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris macrotis; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus landeri; Rousettus aegyptiacus leachii; Scotophilus dingani; species richness; systematics; Taphozous mauritianus; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Zwei Fledermäuse neu für Kenya (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Kock, D. (Senckenbergiana biol., 1981)
For Taphozous (Liponycteris) hamiltoni and Nycteris grandis first records from Kenya are given together with measurements and distributional remarks. A supernumerary upper incisor is reported for N. grandis.
Keywords: Chiroptera; distribution; East Africa; Emballonuridae; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Kenya; Mammalia; map; morphology; Nycteridae; Nycteris grandis; species richness; systematics; Taphozous hamiltoni; taxonomy

Abnormal white colouration in three species of insectivorous African bats - Howell, K. M. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1980)
Keywords: albinism; Chiroptera; colouration; East Africa; Fledermäuse; fur; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros ruber; Mammalia; morphology; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; pelage; predation pressure; predator avoidance; Tanzania; Triaenops persicus [afer]

Additional material of Rhinolophus ruwenzorii Hill, 1942, with comments on its natural history and taxonomic status - Smith, J. D.; Hood, C. S. (Proceedings of the Fifth International Bat Research Conference, 1980)
Keywords: Albertine Rift; allopatric; Central Africa; Chiroptera; day roosts; diet; distribution; ecology; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Mammalia; morphology; Nahrung; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus hilli; Rhinolophus maclaudi; Rhinolophus ruwenzorii; roosting behaviour; Ruwenzori Mts.; sympatric; systematics; taxonomy; Uganda

Amino acid transmitter transport in nerve endings from normal and vitamin B12 deficient fruit bats - Brennan, M. J. W.; Cantrill, R. C.; Warner, S. J.; Van Der Westhuyzen, J.; Fernandes-Costa, F.; Kramer, S.; Metz, J. (Brain Research, 1980)
Keywords: Chiroptera; GABA; physiology; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; South Africa; vitamins

A checklist and numbering system of the extant mammals of the southern African subregion - Swanepoel, P.; Smithers, R. H. N.; Rautenbach, I. L. (Ann. Transv. Mus., 1980)
A checklist of 292 terrestrial and 43 marine mammals currently known to occur in the Southern African Subregion is presented. The scientific name of each species is given together with the author’s name, the date of its original description, and its English and Afrikaans vernacular names. Each species is assigned a number in order to facilitate handling of data in computer systems.
Keywords: Botswana; checklist; Chiroptera; Mammalia; Mozambique; South Africa; Southern Africa; systematics; taxonomy; Zambia; Zimbabwe

Conservation of Bats and their Cave Habitats and Surrounding Relictual Forest in Coastal Kenya. Management Proposals - McWilliam, A. N. (Unpublished Report, 1980)
Keywords: Cardioderma cor; caves; Chiroptera; coastal forests; Coleura afra; colony size; conservation; day roosts; East Africa; Emballonuridae; habitat destruction; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni [gigas-vittatus]; Hipposideros ruber; Kenya; Megadermatidae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus minor; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; population counts; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Reptilia; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus landeri; Rousettus aegyptiacus; scavengers; seasonality; Taphozous hildegardeae; threats; tourism; Triaenops persicus [afer]; Varanidae

Conservation of Bats and their Cave Habitats on the Kenya Coast - McWilliam, A. N. (Unpublished Report, 1980)
Keywords: Cardioderma cor; caves; Chiroptera; Coleura afra; conservation; day roosts; East Africa; Emballonuridae; habitat destruction; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni [gigas-vittatus]; Hipposideros ruber; Kenya; Megadermatidae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus minor; Nycteridae; Nycteris sp.; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus landeri; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Taphozous hildegardeae; threats; tourism; Triaenops persicus [afer]

Cycles de reproduction des microchiroptères troglophiles du nord-est du Gabon - Brosset, A.; Saint-Girons, H. (Mammalia, 1980)
In northeastern Gabon (latitude 0.1°N-longitude 12°E), the Microchiroptera living in caves show a reproduction rhythm which is strictly seasonal and monoestrous. In the 3 spp. concerned, all the females give birth once a year in Oct. to a single young. In Hipposideros caffer, the females of some populations give birth in March (boreal cycle) although other populations, living in neighboring caves, give birth in Oct. (austral cycle). A histological study confirmed the field data and gave results on the sexual cycle of both sexes. In the male, spermatogenesis immediately precedes the mating season. In the female, contrary to what occurs in temperate countries, ovulation takes place a short time later. Implantation is not delayed, but follows fecundation. The annual sexual cycle (pregnancy and lactating period) is 6 mo. in Miniopterus inflatus and H. caffer, and 12 mo. in H. commersoni. The cycle of sexual activity in the male is shorter than the cycle of similar species in temperate countries.
Keywords: austral cycle; behaviour; boreal cycle; Central Africa; Chiroptera; ecology; Fledermäuse; Gabon; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer [ruber]; Hipposideros commersoni [gigas]; implantation; Mammalia; mating systems; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus inflatus; ovulation; physiology; reproduction; seasonality; spermatogenesis

Deux nouvelles espèces de Cheiropteres pour la faune du massif de l’Air (Niger): Otonycteris hemprichi Peters, 1859 et Pipistrellus nanus (Peters, 1852) - Fairon, J. (Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg.: Biol., 1980)
Keywords: [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; baculum; Chiroptera; morphology; Niger; Otonycteris hemprichii; Vespertilionidae; West Africa

Distribution and hosts of Haemolaelaps (Acarina: Laelapidae) in the northwest Ethiopian Region - Jorgensen, C. D.; Sakamoto, C. J.; Herrin, C. S. (Internat. J. Acarol., 1980)
Geographic and host distributions for Haemolaelaps spp. from the Northwestern Ethiopian Region (Dahomey, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo and Upper Volta) are compiled. Twenty five species of Haemolaelaps are reported from 103 mammal host species, including 4,047 host specimens. Sixty-eight new national records and 127 new host records are reported.
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Epomophorus] Epomorphus gambianus; [Lissonycteris] Rousettus angolensis; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; Acari; Arachnida; Benin; Burkina Faso; Chiroptera; ectoparasites; Eidolon helvum; Epomops franqueti; Ghana; Haemolaelaps bellasoma; Haemolaelaps crocidura; Haemolaelaps ebsi; Haemolaelaps hirsti; Haemolaelaps sikapusi; Haemolaelaps taterakempi; Haemolaelaps tillae; Haemolaelaps zulu; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros cyclops; host specificity; host-parasite relationships; Ivory Coast; Laelapidae; Mammalia; Mauritania; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; Muridae; Nigeria; Nycteridae; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris thebaica; parasitism; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; Scotophilus leucogaster; Senegal; Soricidae; Togo; Vespertilionidae; West Africa

Dry-season overlap in activity patterns, habitat use, and prey selection by sympatric African insectivorous bats - Fenton, M. B.; Thomas, D. W. (Biotropica, 1980)
Mist nets, ultrasonic sensors, light tags and feces analysis were used to examine habitat use, activity patterns and prey selection of some insectivorous bats during the dry season at the Sengwa Wild Life Research Area (18°10’S; 28°13’E) between June 7 and 28, 1977. Broad overlap in all parameters investigated was shown for the 13 spp. (Eptesicus capensis, Nycticeius schlieffeni, Scotophilus viridis, Hipposideros caffer, Pipistrellus nanus, P. rueppelli, Laephotis angolensis, Miniopterus schreibersi, Nycteris thebaica, N. woodi, Tadarida aegyptiaca, T. chapini and Rhinolophus sp.) present in the area during the dry season. During the wet season, some species of insectivorous bats relied more on beetles than on moths as food, or vice versa. The lack of food partitioning, particularly in the dry season, appears to conflict with theories of niches and competitive exclusion but is in accord with predictions based on optimum foraging strategy. Most insectivorous bats may be opportunistic feeders, a strategy which results in a mosaic of specialized and generalized diets and which compatible with their energetic demands. The 1st record of T. chapini from Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) was reported.
Keywords: [Chaerephon] Tadarida chapini; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; [Nycticeinops schlieffenii] Nycticeius schlieffeni; activity patterns; Beutespektrum; Chiroptera; competition; competitive exclusion; diet; dry season; ecology; feeding habits; Fledermäuse; food distribution; foraging; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; insectivory; Laephotis angolensis; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersi; Molossidae; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; niche overlap; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Nycteris woodi; opportunistic feeder; optimal foraging; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus sp.; Scotophilus viridis; Southern Africa; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Vespertilionidae; wet season; Zimbabwe

Echolocation and feeding behaviour of Taphozous mauritianus (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae) - Fenton, M. B.; Bell, G. P.; Thomas, D. W. (Can. J. Zool., 1980)
Observations of free-flying bats in the field in Zimbabwe indicated that Taphozous mauritianus uses multiharmonic constant frequency (CF) search calls followed by multiharmonic approach and terminal calls that combine shallow and steep frequency modulated (FM) sweeps during approaches to targets. The three phases of calls all have rapid rise times to full amplitude, and most of the sound energy is in the second harmonic; the fundamental is usually present (11-13 kHz), making the calls clearly audible to the unaided human ear. This combination of characters, but particularly the CF search calls, serves to distinguish these echolocation calls from those of other insectivorous bats. One light-tagged individual hunting insects reacted to targets at distances of about 3 m, suggesting a long-range feeding strategy.
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; echolocation; ecology; Emballonuridae; Fledermäuse; foraging; habitat preferences; Mammalia; Sengwa Wildlife Research Area; Southern Africa; Taphozous mauritianus; Zimbabwe

Ecological observations on an East African bat community - O’Shea, T. J.; Vaughan, T. A. (Mammalia, 1980)
The bat fauna of a south-central Kenya study area was monitored from May 1973 to July 1974. Bats in 7 families [Pteropodidae, Emballonuridae, Nycteridae, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae and Molossidae] were collected. This fauna is depauperate compared to neotropical areas due to a lack of non-insectivorous feeders. The number of species and families of insect eating bats is nearly identical to that found at a Costa Rican site with a similar climate sampled in a comparable manner. The area had a pronounced dry season from May to late Oct., 2 rainy seasons in Nov. and March-April, and a short and less severe dry season from Dec. through Feb. The maximum number of species was detected from Nov. to May. About 1/2 of these species were found during the long dry season, and many of those present seemed to occur in lower densities. Seasonal migration to areas with complementary rainfall patterns account for these differences. All but 1 sp. reproduced with the more predictable Nov. rains; a few also gave birth in the March-April rainy season; none bred in the long dry season. Most annual residents bred only in Nov. and most of those species which gave birth in March-April probably were migratory. Suspected migrants tended towards smaller litter sizes. Several foraging-related characters were examined as indicators of food resources partitioning. The aspect ratio was significantly correlated with estimates of foraging height. Most of the common non-molossid insectivorous bat species may coexist on the basis of differences in pursuit strategy, prey size orientation pulses or feeding heights. A greater proportion of coexisting species overlap in size during Nov.-May than during the long dry season. This may indicate a greater degree of selective feeding when insect abundance is high, and greater partitioning on the basis of size when abundance is low.
Keywords: [Chaerephon bivittatus] Tadarida bivittata; [Chaerephon cisturus] Tadarida bemmelini; [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; [Neoromicia somalica] Eptesicus somalicus; [Nycticeinops schlieffenii] Nycticeius schlieffeni; activity patterns; allopatric; behaviour; biodiversity; Cardioderma cor; Chiroptera; community ecology; competition; diet; East Africa; echolocation; ecology; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; foraging; guilds; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Hipposideros commersoni [vittatus]; Kenya; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus africanus; Miniopterus fraterculus; Miniopterus natalensis; Miniopterus schreibersi; Molossidae; morphology; Myotis tricolor; Nahrung; niche overlap; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Platymops setiger; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus landeri; Scotoecus hindei [hirundo]; Scotophilus nigrita [dinganii?]; seasonality; species richness; sympatric; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Taphozous mauritianus; Triaenops persicus [afer]; Vespertilionidae

Female reproductive anatomy and development of ovarian follicles in Miniopterus fraterculus - Bernard, R. T. F. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1980)
The uterus of Miniopterus fraterculus (Thomas & Swan 1906) is bicornuate and asymmetrical, the right uterine horn being larger than the left in parous and nulliparous females. Ovarian and uterine function is asymmetrical; 94% of observed ovulations originated in the left ovary and all implantations occurred in the right uterine horn. Growth and development of ovarian follicles follow the typical eutherian mammalian pattern. The preovulatory Graafian follicle differs from that of most hibernating verspertilionids in that the cumulus oophorus is relatively small. Two types of follicular atresia occur. The first type, in which the stratum granulosum degenerates before degeneration of the oocyte, occurs in multilaminar follicles. The second type occurs in primary and early secondary follicles and is characterized by the oocyte showing the first signs of regression.
Keywords: anatomy; Chiroptera; histology; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus fraterculus; reproduction; South Africa

First record of Tadarida nigeriae (Thomas 1913) from the Arabian peninsula (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Molossidae) - Nader, I. A.; Kock, D. (Senckenbergiana biol., 1980)
Tadarida nigeriae (Thomas 1913) is recorded for the first time from the Arabian peninsula; measurements, zoogeographical notes and a key to the Arabian molossid hats arc given.
Keywords: Africa; Arabia; Chaerephon major; Chaerephon nigeriae; Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; distribution; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; identification key; Mammalia; Molossidae; Mops midas; morphology; Saudi Arabia; systematics; Tadarida teniotis; taxonomy; Verbreitung

Gabar goshawk drowns its prey - McGrew, W. C. (Ostrich, 1980)
Keywords: Accipitridae; Aves; Cercopithecus sabaeus; Chiroptera; Melierax gabar; Mont Assirik; Niokolo-Koba National Park; predation; Primates; Senegal; West Africa

Importance of Miniopterus schreibersi natalensis in the diet of barn owls - van der Merwe, M. (S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1980)
Miniopterus schreibersi natalensis does not appear to rank very highly in the diet of the barn owl Tyto alba, but there are indications that there is an increase in the catches of Miniopterus during periods when there is a general decrease in the numbers of terrestrial and subterrestrial prey species.
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus natalensis; Myotis tricolor; predation; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus simulator; Rodentia; Soricomorpha; South Africa; Strigiformes; Tyto alba; Tytonidae; Vespertilionidae

Karyotypes and morphometrics of two species of Scotophilus in South Africa (Mammalia: Vespertilionidae) - Schlitter, D. A.; Rautenbach, I. L.; Wolhuter, D. A. (Ann. Transv. Mus., 1980)
Karyotypes for S. dinganii (A. Smith, 1833) and S. viridis (Peters 1852) are presented. Based on reference samples from the northern Kruger National Park, individual and secondary sexual variation are analyzed for each species. Discriminant function analysis was performed with these reference samples and discriminant scores were computed to assist in accurately identifying specimens of the 2 spp. in South Africa.
Keywords: Chiroptera; cytogenetics; karyotypes; morphometrics; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus viridis; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

Karyotypic studies of seven species of African megachiropterans (Mammalia: Pteropodidae) - Haiduk, M. W.; Robbins, L. W.; Robbins, R. L.; Schlitter, D. A. (Ann. Carn. Mus., 1980)
{Karyotypes of 7 spp. of megachiropterans from Africa are described. Epomops franqueti, Hypsignathus monstrosus, Lissonycteris angolensis and Myonycteris torquata have a 2n = 36 and karyotypes that are similar to each other in morphology. Micropteropus pusillus (2n = 35) is similar to the above 4, but possesses what appears to be an X/Y1Y2 sex-determining system. Scotonycteris ophiodon (2n = 34, FN (fundamental number) = 62) and Megaloglossus woermanni (2n = 34
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; chromosomes; cytogenetics; Epomops; evolution; Hypsignathus; karyotypes; Lissonycteris; Mammalia; Megaloglossus; Micropteropus; morphology; Myonycteris; phylogeny; Pteropodidae; Scotonycteris; speciation; systematics; taxonomy

Mammal diversity and ecology in the Cedarberg Wilderness Area, Cape Province - Rautenbach, I. L.; Nel, J. A. J. (Ann. Transv. Mus., 1980)
This report deals with the results of mammal surveys in the Cedarberg Wilderness Area, Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Specimens collected by a combined Transvaal Museum/University of Pretoria (Department of Zoology) expedition during February 1978, as well as unreported material previously accrued by the Smithsonian Institute’s ’African Mammal Project’ field teams, are dealt with. Material and/or other records of the 50 mammal species now known to occur in the study area are reported. Ecological aspects of some smaller mammals are discussed, such as trapping results, species diversity and relative densities, cover preference and breeding activity.
See Rautenbach & Nel 1979, Jacobs & Fenton 2001
Keywords: altitude; Carnivora; Chiroptera; elevation; Laephotis wintoni; Mammalia; methods; Molossidae; Rodentia; Sauromys petrophilus; Simpson diversity; Soricomorpha; South Africa; species richness; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Tadarida pumila [= Sauromys petrophilus]; Vegetation; Vespertilionidae

Mammals of the Kammanassie Mountains, southern Cape Province - Nel, J. A. J.; Rautenbach, I. L.; Breytenbach, G. J. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1980)
The mammal fauna of the Kammanassie Mountain State Forest Reserve and Mountain Catchment Area was censused in the high-rainfall southeastern sector and low-rainfall northwestern sector from 2 -12 February, 1979. Collecting yielded 287 specimens of 17 species of small mammals, while the presence of a further 16 species of larger mammals was confirmed. Mean trapping success was low (2.0%) which reflects the low density of most species. Of the 10 species of small mammals collected in the southeastern sector Acomys subspinosus and Otomys irroratus were abundant, while Rhabdomys pumilio, Praomys verreauxi and Myosorex varius were common; the other five species collected were rare. In the northwestern sector the species composition and relative density of each differed. Here Aethomys namaquensis was abundant, R. pumilio common, and five other species (including A. subspinosus and O. irroratus) rare. Few carnivores occur. Stomach samples of collected specimens yielded information on feeding habits; species vary considerably in their diet. Twenty-four species of both large and small mammals occur in the southeastern part, and 25 in the northwestern sector; 17 species are common to both.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Mammalia; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rodentia; Soricomorpha; South Africa; survey

The management and breeding of hammer-headed bats Hypsignathus monstrosus at the New York Zoological Park - MacNamara, M. C.; Doherty, J. G.; Viola, S.; Schacter, A. (International Zoo Yearbook, 1980)
Keywords: captivity; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Gabon; husbandry; Hypsignathus monstrosus; marking; mortality; Pteropodidae; reproduction

A new fruit bat of the genus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899, from eastern Kenya and Tanzania (Mammalia, Megachiroptera) - Bergmans, W. (Zool. Meded., 1980)
M. relicta sp. nov. is described from the Shimba Hills in southeast Kenya and from the Usambara Mountains in northeast Tanzania. The species is larger than the only other known African mainland species of the genus, M. torquata (Dobson, 1878), from the Central and West African rain forests; if compared to M. torquata and to the only other species in the genus, M. brachycephala (Bocage, 1889) from São Tomé, it has a relatively longer rostrum, a more deflected cranial axis, and further differs in number, shape and position of its teeth. The new species provides new arguments for the relationship between the genera Myonycteris Matschie, 1899, and Lissonycteris Andersen, 1912. M. relicta is probably a forest species and, as such, restricted to isolated East African forests.
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; Myonycteris relicta sp. nov.; Pteropodidae; systematics; Tanzania; taxonomy; zoogeography

The past and present status of the mammals of Maputaland - Rautenbach, I. L.; Skinner, J. D.; Nel, J. A. J. (Studies on the Ecology of Maputaland, 1980)
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Glauconycteris variegata; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Kerivoula argentata; Kerivoula lanosa; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersi; Molossidae; Nycteridae; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris thebaica; Pteropodidae; Scotophilus nigrita; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

Prey selection by the slit-faced bat Nycteris thebaica (Chiroptera: Nycteridae) in Natal, South Africa - LaVal, R. K.; LaVal, M. L. (Biotropica, 1980)
During much of the year, foraging slit-faced bats (N. thebaica) in Natal preyed mainly on Orthoptera, especially katydids, crickets and cockroaches. At times, substantial quantities of Lepidoptera, Isoptera, Homoptera and Coleoptera were also taken. Slit-faced bats prefer insects characterized by large body size, abundance and ease of location and capture. Many of these are captured while stationary or at least when at rest rather than in flight.
Keywords: activity patterns; Beutespektrum; Chiroptera; diet; feeding habits; Fledermäuse; foraging; Nahrung; Nahrungswahl; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; opportunistic feeder; South Africa

Reproductive cycles of Miniopterus schreibersi natalensis (Kuhl, 1819) and Miniopterus fraterculus Thomas and Schwann, 1906 - Bernard, R. T. F. (Ann. Transv. Mus., 1980)
The reproductive cycles of Miniopterus schreibersi and Miniopterus fraterculus were investigated histologically using specimens collected in the Natal Midlands (c. 29°S - 30°15’S).In both species the gestation period was extended by a period of delayed implantation. In M. fraterculus the period of delayed implantation was two-and-a-half months, one-and-a-half months shorter than this period in M. schreibersi. In both species the period of active fetal growth was approximately four months.Copulation in M. schreibersi from the Natal Midlands began one month after copulation in the same species from southern and northern Transvaal (c. 25°S and c. 24°S), and it is suggested that this is the result of summer in the Transvaal ending approximately one month earlier than in the Natal Midlands.On the basis of the reproductive cycle and winter behaviour, the difference between the reproductive cycles of M. schreibersi and M. fraterculus is explained by suggesting that M. fraterculus migrated southwards from the tropics after M. schreibersi, that M. fraterculus has a shorter history at southern latitudes, and as such its reproductive cycle is intermediate between that of M. schreibersi from the same latitude, and the typical tropical reproductive pattern.
Keywords: Chiroptera; copulation; delayed implantation; gestation period; histology; latitude; migration; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus fraterculus; Miniopterus natalensis; reproduction; South Africa

Roosting, social organization and the annual cycle in a Kenya population of the bat Pipistrellus nanus - O’Shea, T. J. (Z. Tierpsychol., 1980)
The tiny (3.1-3.8 g) vespertilionid bat Pipistrellus nanus was studied in Kenya palm-thatched roofs from May 1973-July 1974. Roosting social organization and related activities and behavior are described. Males held diurnal roosting territories where females gathered in small and compositionally labile groups, attracted to the most vocal males. Annual variation in population-wide aspects of social organization follows predictable seasonal changes in climate and predator abundance. Variability between individuals follows a common mammalian pattern: high male competition for females, variance in presumed male reproductive success, and a mating system resembling one based on resource defense polygyny. Social organization in this population contrasts with that known from studies of other P. nanus populations.
Keywords: acoustic communication; activity patterns; Cardioderma cor; Chiroptera; competition; courtship behaviour; East Africa; ecology; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Hangplätze; Kenya; Mammalia; mate choice; mating preferences; mating success; mating systems; Megadermatidae; Neoromicia nana; predation; reproduction; seasonality; social behaviour; social organization; territoriality; torpor; Vespertilionidae

Schlaf-Lethargie bei dem afrikanischen Langzungenflughund Megaloglossus woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885 - Kulzer, E.; Storf, R. (Z. Säugetierk., 1980)
Keywords: activity patterns; Central Africa; Chiroptera; energetics; Gabon; Megaloglossus woermanni; Pteropodidae; roosting behaviour; thermoregulation; torpor

The Small Mammals of the Kruger National Park (A Check List and Atlas) - Pienaar, U. d. V.; Rautenbach, I. L.; de Graaff, G. (National Parks Board of South Africa, 1980)
Keywords: Chiroptera; distribution; Kruger-National Park; Mammalia; South Africa

Small mammals of Togo and Benin. I. Chiroptera - Robbins, C. B. (Mammalia, 1980)
Bats collected by members of the Smithsonian African Mammal Project in Togo and Benin are listed. Three species reported are new for Togo (Hypsignathus monstrosus, Taphozous nudiventris and Tadarida nigeriae). This list includes the 1st account given for the bat fauna of Benin (Nycteris major, N. thebaica, Pipistrellus inexspectatus, Eptesicus guineensis, Scotoecus albofuscus, S. hirundo, Scotophilus leucogaster and Tadarida nanula). Problems regarding taxonomic determinations in Scotoecus and nomenclatural problems concerning species of Scotophilus are discussed.
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Chaerephon] Tadarida major; [Chaerephon] Tadarida nigeriae; [Glauconycteris] Chalinolobus poensis; [Glauconycteris] Chalinolobus variegata; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; [Mops nanulus] Tadarida nanula; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus guineensis; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus rendalli; [Nycticeinops schlieffenii] Nycticeius schlieffeni; Benin; biodiversity; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus gambianus; Epomops franqueti strepitans; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer tephrus; Hipposideros commersoni gigas; Hipposideros cyclops; Hipposideros ruber guineensis; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Lavia frons; Lissonycteris angolensis smithi; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; morphology; Nycteridae; Nycteris gambiensis; Nycteris grandis; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris major [N. macrotis]; Nycteris thebaica; Pipistrellus inexspectatus; Pipistrellus nanulus; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus landeri; Scotoecus albofuscus; Scotoecus hirundo; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus leucogaster; Scotophilus nigritellus; species richness; systematics; Taphozous mauritianus; Taphozous nudiventris; taxonomy; Togo; Vespertilionidae; West Africa; zoogeography

Spinturnicid mites from some Nigerian bats (Acarina, Spinturnicidae) - Dusbábek, F.; Bergmans, W. (Bull. zool. Mus. Univ. Amsterdam, 1980)
Five species of mites belonging to 3 genera of the family Spinturnicidae are reported from 6 spp. of bats (Eidolon helvum helvum, Micropteropus pusillus, Hypsignathus monstrosus, Myotis bocagei cupreolus, Scotophilus nigrita and S. dinganii) in Nigeria. The species are Meristaspis kenyaensis (Radford), Ancystropus aethiopicus Hirst, Spinturnix walkerae Zumpt & Till, S. scotophili repens ssp. nov. and S. intectus sp. nov. Male and female specimens of the 2 new taxa are fully described and figured. Zoogeographical and taxonomic implications are discussed.
See Bergmans 1977
Keywords: Acari; Ancystropus aethiopicus; Arachnida; Artenzahl; Chiroptera; ectoparasites; Eidolon helvum; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Mammalia; Meristaspis kenyaensis; Micropteropus pusillus; morphology; Myotis bocagii cupreola; Nigeria; parasitism; Pteropodidae; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus nigrita; species description; Spinturnicidae; Spinturnix intectus sp. nov.; Spinturnix scotophili repens ssp. nov.; Spinturnix walkerae; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; West Africa

The status of Vespertilio borbonicus E. Geoffroy, 1803 (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) - Hill, J. Edwards (Zool. Meded., 1980)
The taxonomic history of Scotophilus borbonicus (E. Geoffroy, 1803) from Réunion Island is reviewed and summarised, with the designation of a lectotype. The insular form that it represents is considered conspecific with the small Scotophilus viridis (Peters, 1852) of southern Africa. As a result, Scotophilus borbonicus becomes the valid name for this species, and will also replace Scotophilus leucogaster (Cretzschmar, 1830), if the small members of the genus from more northerly localities in Africa are united with their southern congeners.
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; Indian Ocean; lectotype; Scotophilus borbonicus; Scotophilus leucogaster; Scotophilus viridis; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Tooth eruption in known age specimens of Epomophorus wahlbergi - Sowler, S. G. (S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1980)
Descriptions of the deciduous and permanent dentition, dental development and variations in ages of eruption in 14 known age specimens of Epomophorus wahlbergi are presented. Tables showing the relationship between tooth eruption and age from birth to 14 weeks are given and the use of these as an age determination technique is discussed.
Keywords: Africa; age; Chiroptera; dentition; Epomophorus wahlbergi; morphology; Pteropodidae; teeth

Un chiroptère emballonuridé dans le Néogène d’Europe occidentale; considérations paléobiogéographiques - Legendre, S. (Geobios, 1980)
The occurrence of an emballonurid bat is revealed within the micromammalian fauna found at the Lower Miocene locality of Port-la-Nouvelle (Aude). The material is described, and the comparison with homologous elements of fossil and living Emballonuridae indicates a modern character of the teeth. This species could be related to the recent genus Taphozous. Therefore, a new family is added to the Western European mammalian Neogene fauna; and the Neogene geographical area of this family, previously limited to East Africa, is now extended to Europe.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Emballonuridae; Europe; fossils; France; Lower Miocene; palaeontology; Taphozous sp.; Tertiary

Utilization of [2-14C]tetrahydropteroylglutamic acid and 5-[G-3H]methyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid as substrates for folate polyglutamate synthesis in fruit bats: Effect of vitamin B-12-deficiency - Perry, J.; Lumb, M.; Van Der Westhuyzen, J.; Fernandes-Costa, F.; Metz, J.; Chanarin, I. (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1980)
[2-14C]Tetrahydropteroylglutamic acid and 5-[G-3H]methyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid were given intraperitoneally to fruit bats. Folate polyglutamates were formed in the liver from both substrates in different amounts and at different rates. The methylfolate pool appeared to remain separate from the tetrahydrofolate pool. More polyglutamate was formed from tetrahydropteroylglutamic acid than from 5-methyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid. There was a fall in the folate content of the liver in the vitamin B-12-deficient bat and a more rapid incorporation of folates into polyglutamates but thereafter a more rapid loss of the labelled folate from liver.
Keywords: Chiroptera; metabolism; physiology; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus leachii; South Africa; vitamins

Zwei Fledermäuse neu für Pakistan (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Kock, D.; Felten, H. (Senckenbergiana biol., 1980)
Keywords: Africa; Arabia; Chiroptera; distribution; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Mammalia; morphology; Palaearctic; Rhinopoma muscatellum; Rhinopomatidae; systematics; taxonomy; Triaenops persicus; Verbreitung

Body temperature, oxygen consumption, noradrenaline response and cardiovascular adaptations in the flying fox, Rousettus aegyptiacus - Noll, U. G. (Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 1979)
1. Rousettus aegyptiacus show distinct circadian rhythms of body temperature, oxygen consumption and heart rate.2. Basal metabolic rate (0.84 ml/g per hr) and minimal conductance (0.073 ml/g per hr C) are only 85 and 89% respectively, of the mass-specific values.3. Body temperature and lower critical temperature do not change after cold-acclimation: however. minimal conductance decreases for 25% and basal metabolic rate increases.4. Non-shivering thermogenesis is studied by several methods.5. The thermoregulatory response of noradrenaline and its effect on the respiratory quotient are discussed.6. The cardiovascular adaptations are examined by resting heart rate, heart length, hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit ratios and oxygen pulse.
Keywords: basal metabolic rate; blood; BMR; Chiroptera; physiology; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; thermoregulation

Characterization of endogenous folate and incorporation of labelled folates into the brain of the South African fruit bat - Perry, J.; Lumb, M.; Van Der Westhuyzen, J.; Fernandes-Costa, F.; Metz, J.; Chanarin, I. (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1979)
Folate in the brain of the South African fruit bat consists of 10-formyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid and the tri-, tetra- and penta- forms of 5-methyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid. Following parenteral injection, only 5-[3H]-methyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid was taken up by the brain, but none of a dose of 14C-labelled tetrahydropteroylglutamic acid was detectable. Only trace amounts of the 5-methyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid were converted into the formyl compounds and a small amount of methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamic acid appeared after 96 h. There was no significant difference in vitamin B-12-deficient animals.
Keywords: brain; Chiroptera; metabolism; physiology; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus leachii; South Africa

Check List and Atlas of the Mammals of Zimbabwe Rhodesia - Smithers, R. H. N.; Wilson, V. J. (Mus. Mem., Salisbury, 1979)
Keywords: [Chaerephon bivittatus] Tadarida bivittata; [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Chaerephon] Tadarida ansorgei; [Chaerephon] Tadarida chapini shortridgei; [Chaerephon] Tadarida nigeriae spillmanni; [Lissonycteris] Rousettus angolensis; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; [Mops] Tadarida midas; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus zuluensis; [Nycticeinops schlieffenii] Nycticeius schlieffeni australis; Chiroptera; Cloeotis percivali australis; distribution; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus crypturus; Epomophorus gambianus parvus [crypturus]; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Epomops dobsoni; Eptesicus hottentotus bensoni; Glauconycteris variegata; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Hipposideros commersoni marungensis [vittatus]; Kerivoula argentata; Kerivoula harrisoni lucia [lanosa]; Laephotis botswanae; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus fraterculus; Miniopterus inflatus rufus; Miniopterus schreibersi natalensis; Molossidae; Myotis bocagei; Myotis tricolor; Myotis welwitschii; Nycteridae; Nycteris grandis; Nycteris hispida villosa; Nycteris macrotis oriana; Nycteris thebaica capensis; Nycteris woodi sabiensis; Otomops martiensseni; Pipistrellus kuhli subtilis [hesperidus]; Pipistrellus rueppelli; Pipistrellus rusticus; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii empusa; Rhinolophus clivosus zuluensis; Rhinolophus darlingi; Rhinolophus denti; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus hildebrandti; Rhinolophus landeri lobatus; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus swinnyi; Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi; Sauromys petrophilus; Scotophilus gigas [nigrita]; Scotophilus leucogaster; Scotophilus nigrita dingani [dinganii]; Southern Africa; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Tadarida fulminans mastersoni; Tadarida lobata; Taphozous mauritianus; Taphozous perforatus rhodesiae; taxonomy; Triaenops persicus afer; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe

Distribution and systematic relationship of Tadarida bivittata and Tadarida ansorgei (Chiroptera: Molossidae) - Eger, J. L.; Peterson, R. L. (Can. J. Zool., 1979)
Morphologically similar Tadarida bivittata and T. ansorgei inhabit dry, woodland savannah areas of central Africa, where they are partially sympatric. Specimens of these species were divided into population samples based on geographic proximity. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that both species are sexually dimorphic. Results of principle components analysis illustrated interspecific differences. In areas of sympatry, specimens were subjected to discriminant analysis to confirm their identity. Based on this analysis, classification functions are provided as a useful aid for identifying the two species.
Keywords: Africa; Chaerephon ansorgei; Chaerephon bivittatus; Chiroptera; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Mammalia; Molossidae; morphology; systematics; taxonomy; Verbreitung; zoogeography

Diurnal variations of the glycogen and fat stores in the liver and breast muscle of the insect bat, Tadarida nigeriae - Okon, E. E.; Ekanem, R. J. (Physiol. Behav., 1979)
A study of the glycogen and fat stores in the liver and breast muscle of the insect bat, Tadarida nigeriae was carried out in relation to their roosting and feeding behaviour. Glycogen concentration in the liver increased at mid-day but dropped precipitously in the evening. Muscle glycogen increased two-fold in the evening. Liver and muscle fat increased markedly at mid-day, but while liver fat dropped considerably in the evening, muscle rat remained unchanged. These results are discussed in comparison with those previously reported for the fruit bat, Eidolon helvum.
Keywords: activity patterns; Chaerephon nigeriae; Chiroptera; diet; Fledermäuse; liver; Molossidae; muscles; Nigeria; physiology; West Africa

Echolocation and obstacle avoidance in the hipposiderid bat Asellia tridens - Gustafson, Y.; Schnitzler, H.-U. (J. Comp. Physiol. A, 1979)
The echolocation sounds of the hipposiderid bat Asellia tridens consist of a constant frequency (cf) component followed by a frequency modulated (fm) terminal downward sweep of 19-21 kHz. The cf-part constitutes about 7/10 of the entire signal. In individual roosting animals the frequencies of the cf-part of consecutive sounds (resting frequency) is kept very constant but varies from bat to bat. In 18 Asellia tridens resting frequencies between 111-124 kHz have been measured. The sound duration in roosting and free flying bats is between 7-10 ms. In the approach and terminal phase of bats landing on a perch or flying through obstacles, the sound duration is reduced and the repetition rate increased the nearer the bat approaches the target. At the end of the terminal phase sound durations of a minimum of 3 ms have been measured. Flying bats lower their emission frequency in order to compensate for Doppler shifts caused by the flight movement. The echofrequency is therefore kept constant about 150-200 Hz above the resting frequency. In flights through obstacles consisting of vertically stretched wires with different diameters, the bats were able to avoid wires down to a diameter of 0.065 mm whereas at 0.05 mm the percentage of flights without collisions is far below the chance level. The results demonstrate that the echolocation behavior of the hipposiderid bat Asellia tridens does not differ fundamentally from that of rhinolophid bats. As a result, a new suggestion for categorization of bats producing cf-fm orientation sounds is put forward.
Keywords: Asellia tridens; CF-echolocation; Chiroptera; Hipposideridae; North Africa; physiology; Tunisia

Ecology of the straw-coloured fruit bat in Nigeria - Funmilayo, O. (Rev. Zool. Afr., 1979)
Straw-colored fruit bats are found in isolated colonies comprising millions of individuals in many parts of south-western Nigeria. Roosts are usually situated in groves and thickets close to human habitation, local shrines and marshy areas, which offer sanctuary to the bats. The trees most favored for roosting were those that project above the surrounding vegetation. The straw-colored fruit bat is nocturnal, feeding mainly between 19:00 and 06:30 h. The diet consists almost exclusively of a variety of ripe succulent fruits and floral parts. Mating and fertilization occur mainly in May to July with about 57-91% of females being pregnant in a breeding season but the fertilized egg does not get implanted until about Nov.-Dec. Young are born in March to May at 39-60 g body wt. Each mother continuously carries about her single baby until June or July when the baby is weaned at 120-150 g body wt. E. helvum is important in the local economy as its roosting activities cause extensive mechanical damage to some economically important trees like oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa). Consumption of fruits like mango, pawpaw, guava, plantain and banana cause yield losses and qualitative devaluation of many fruits. Feces from thousands of bats cause much filth and stench in the environment of some roosts and beneath feeding trees while the clamour of bats in roosts or while feeding near human habitation is very exasperating. Bats are an important item of the diet in all localities where they occur. They also serve as pollinating agents for a number of trees in the families Moraceae and Bombaceae.
Keywords: activity patterns; behaviour; Chiroptera; Cyclopodia greeffi; diet; ecology; Eidolon helvum; feeding habits; foraging; frugivory; habitat preferences; Hangplätze; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; Nigeria; parasites; Pteropodidae; roosting behaviour; West Africa

Epauletten-Flughunde, Glieder eines tropischen ökosystems. - Kock, D. (Vivarium Darmstadt, 1979)
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; feeding habits; foraging; frugivory; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; nectarivory; pollination; Pteropodidae; seed dispersal

First records of Epomops dobsonii (Bocage, 1889) from Tanzania and Rwanda, with a note on its size range (Mammalia, Megachiroptera) - Bergmans, W. (Z. Säugetierk., 1979)
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; Epomops dobsonii; Mammalia; morphology; Pteropodidae; Rwanda; systematics; Tanzania; taxonomy

Fiscal shrike predation on the bat Pipistrellus kuhli in Kenya - Schwan, T. G.; Hikes, N. (Biotropica, 1979)
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; East Africa; Kenya; Lanius collaris; Pipistrellus kuhli fuscatus [hesperidus]; predation; Vespertilionidae

Foetal growth curves and seasonal breeding in the Natal clinging bat Miniopterus schreibersi natalensis - van der Merwe, M. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1979)
Growth of the foetus of Miniopterus schreibersi natalensis is described. The gestation period in this subspecies is 240 days of which 120 days is the period of delayed implantation. Birth mass is taken as 2.7 g from measurements of near-term foetuses. Foetal growth follows a typical J-shaped curve during the last half of the gestation period. Young of M. s. natalensis are proportionately lighter at birth than many other mammals.
Keywords: body mass; Chiroptera; delayed implantation; gestation; growth; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus natalensis; reproduction; South Africa

Growth of ovarian follicles in the Natal clinging bat - van der Merwe, M. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1979)
Growth and atresia of the ovarian follicles of Miniopterus schreibersi natalensis (A. Smith, 1834) were studied from females collected on the southern Transvaal Highveld. In this hibernating subspecies no storage of sperm or delayed ovulation occur and females enter hibernation in a pregnant condition. Only one Graafian follicle develops, which is characterized by a large antrum with the ovum-bearing mass of cells occupying only a relatively small portion of the antrum. Many follicles develop to a medium size before undergoing regression. Basically two types of regression occur; usually destruction of the stratum granulosum takes place before the oocyte is affected. The reverse condition was also observed but was very uncommon. Corpora lutea atretica resulting from the luteinization of medium-sized Graafian follicles were commonly found.
Keywords: anatomy; Chiroptera; hibernation; histology; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus natalensis; reproduction; South Africa

Histology of the neck ‘glandular’ skin patch in Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus and R. angolensis (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) - Mainoya, J. R.; Howell, K. M. (Afr. J. Ecol., 1979)
The histology of the neck ‘glandular’ skin patch has been examined in three pteropodid bat species, Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus and R. angolensis. In E. helvum the neck skin patch contains a large sebaceous gland complex, which is better developed and more active in males than in females.A comparable area in R. aegyptiacus contains rather non-specialized sebaceous gland alveoli in association with hair follicles and which are more active in males than in females. In R. angolensis the brush-like hair of the neck skin patch is much longer and coarser in the male than in the female, but in neither sex was the skin patch glandular.On the basis of histological observations, the neck skin patch in E. helvum would appear to be important for scent emission while in R. aegyptiacus, the same structure would be less so. In R. angolensis, the neck skin patch, though covered by longer brush-like hair than in other species, contained almost no glandular tissue and perhaps functions to provide visual rather than olfactory behavioural cues.
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; glands; Lissonycteris angolensis; olfactory communication; Pteropodidae; scent; Tanzania

Haemolaelaps (Acarina: Laelapidae) of the northwest Ethiopian Region - Sakamoto, C. J.; Jorgensen, C. D.; Herrin, C. S. (Internat. J. Acarol., 1979)
Haemolaelaps fauna include 23 species, 10 of which are new: bellasoma (Ivory Coast), caurinus (Ivory Coast), chaetospinicus (Ghana), crocidura (Ivory Coast), desmodilliscus (Upper Volta), ebsi (Upper Volta), malachela (Ivory Coast), parahirsti (Mauritania), sikapusi (Ghana) and taterakempi (Ghana). Numerical taxonomic and multivariate analyses are presented for taxa clustering and variation analysis. A key to the females is provided.
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Lissonycteris] Rousettus angolensis; Acari; Arachnida; Benin; Burkina Faso; Chiroptera; ectoparasites; Epomophorus gambianus; Epomops franqueti; Ghana; Haemolaelaps bellasoma sp. nov.; Haemolaelaps caurinus sp. nov.; Haemolaelaps chaetospinicus sp. nov.; Haemolaelaps crocidura sp. nov.; Haemolaelaps desmodilliscus sp. nov.; Haemolaelaps ebsi sp. nov.; Haemolaelaps malachela sp. nov.; Haemolaelaps parahirsti sp. nov.; Haemolaelaps sikapusi sp. nov.; Haemolaelaps taterakempi sp. nov.; identification key; Ivory Coast; Laelapidae; Lipotyphla; Mammalia; Mauritania; Molossidae; Nigeria; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; parasitism; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; Senegal; Soricidae; Togo; West Africa

The influence of moth hearing on bat echolocation strategies - Fenton, M. B.; Fullard, J. H. (J. Comp. Physiol. A, 1979)
The ears of moths (Spilosoma virginica, S. congrua, Halysidota caryae, Desmeocraera graminosa, Balacra inflammata, Rhodogastria vitrea, Caryatis phileta, Estigmene unilinea, S. penicillata, Geolyces convexaria, Colocleora potaenia, Miantochora venerata, M. interrupta, Megadrepana cinerea and Anaphe ambrizia) tested in Canada and Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) are most sensitive to sounds between 20 and 40 kHz, and much less sensitive to sound over 65 kHz. The insectivorous bats (Myotis lucifugus, Pipistrellus nanus, Nycteris macrotis, Hipposideros ruber and Rhinolophus landeri) most commonly encountered in these (and other) locations use high intensity, frequency modulated echolocation calls with frequency components in the 20-40 kHz range, marking them detectable by the most sensitive tympanate moths up to 40 m away. In Africa, bats such as species in the Nycteridae, Megadermatidae and some in the Hipposideridae, use low intensity calls with high frequency components, and these species are not detectable by moths at over 2 m. The hearing ability of moths may significantly influence the feeding efficiency of bats, and changes in the intensity and frequency components of bat echolocation calls can drastically reduce the range at which bats are detected, and thus the time available to the moths for evasive behavior. The use of low intensity, high frequency echolocation calls may constitute a bat counter-maneuver against insects tuned to bat calls.
Keywords: Africa; allotonic frequency hypothesis; Beuteortung; Beutespektrum; Chaerephon bivittatus; Chaerephon chapini; Chaerephon nigeriae; Chiroptera; diet; echolocation; ecology; Emballonuridae; evolution; feeding habits; Fledermäuse; foraging; Glauconycteris variegata; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros abae; Hipposideros caffer; Hipposideros commersoni; Hipposideros cyclops; Hipposideros ruber; Insecta; Ivory Coast; Laephotis angolensis; Lepidoptera; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; Molossidae; Mops condylurus; moths; Myopterus daubentonii; Myotis welwitschii; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; Neoromicia capensis; Neoromicia nanus; Nycteridae; Nycteris arge; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris thebaica; Nycteris woodi; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Pipistrellus rusticus; predation pressure; predator avoidance; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus denti; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus landeri; Saccolaimus peli; Scotoecus albofuscus; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus nigrita; Scotophilus viridis; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe

Kommentierte Liste einer Säugetier-Aufsammlung aus dem Senegal - Böhme, W.; Hutterer, R. (Bonn. zool. Beitr., 1979)
During a three-months-excursion to Senegal 290 smaller mammals representing 39 species have been collected. From the reported ecological and faunistical data only the last named are summarized here.Gerbillus pyramidum is recorded for the first time from Senegal representing also the first record of the genus for this country. Two further species were recorded for the second time: Rhinolophus guineensis (raised to specific rank in this paper) and Hipposideros cyclops.Considering the aspect of faunal history the species discussed here can be grouped into three categories:1. Species distributed throughout the savanna belt from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The relatively recent date of invasion into the study area is documented by the existence of taxonomically difficult species complexes conclusive for the fact that their speciation process is not yet finished.2. Species formerly continuously distributed throughout the Saharan region to North Africa, the area of which has been interrupted by the desertification. Examples given here are: Asellia tridens, Gerbillus pyramidum, Lemniscomys barbarus, Mastomys erythroleucus and Lepus whytei. The latter is discussed more extensively as regards to its recent distribution also in Northern Algeria. The relatively recent date of disjunction is documented by the conspecifity of the mentioned forms.3. A last group can be characterised as relict group containing forest species. They are mostly well definable species thus supporting the view that they are older forms which have passed through their speciation phase earlier than the savanna forms of group 1.: Rhinolophus guineensis, Hipposideros cyclops, Heliosciurus rufobrachium and Funisciurus anerythrus.
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida (Chaerephon) pumila; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida (Mops) condylura; Asellia tridens; biodiversity; Carnivora; Chiroptera; distribution; ecology; Epomophorus gambianus; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Gerbillus pyramidum; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros cyclops; Lavia frons; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; morphology; Nycteridae; Nycteris gambiensis; Nycteris macrotis; Primates; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus guineensis nov. stat.; Rodentia; Senegal; Soricomorpha; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Verbreitung; West Africa

Microvilli of the intestinal mucosal cells of Rousettus aegyptiacus - Keegan, D. J.; Mödinger, R. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1979)
The microvilli in the small intestine of the bat are very long and slender when compared with those in the rat. This morphology results in the absorption surface per unit area in the bat being three times greater than in the rat. No difference could be observed between the thickness of the plasma membrane of the microvilli and the plasma membrane of the rest of the cell. The terminal web, ’fuzz’ and the filaments in the microvilli are all poorly developed in the bat.
Keywords: anatomy; assimilation; Chiroptera; digestion; histology; intestine; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; ultrastructure

Morphology of the basisphenoid pits and related structures of the bat Otomops martiensseni (Chiroptera: Molossidae) - Valdivieso, D.; Peterson, R. L.; Tamsitt, J. R. (R. Ontario Mus. Life Sci. Contrib., 1979)
The morphology and histology of the basisphenoid pits were studied in the bat Otomops martiensseni (Chiroptera: Molossidae). The pits are deep and well-defined bony cavities located posteriorly in the nasal pharynx. They are juxtaposed to the opening between the nasal and laryngeal pharynges and anatomically communicate with the middle ear through the auditory tube. Basisphenoid pits may function as resonating chambers for sound waves emitted by the larynx, but experimental research is needed to determine their importance in the sonar system.
Keywords: Africa; anatomy; Chiroptera; cranium; histology; Molossidae; morphology; Otomops martiensseni; skull

Natural destruction of kaolin mine bat roosts in Tanzania - Howell, K. M. (Bat Research News, 1979)
Keywords: Chiroptera; day roosts; East Africa; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros ruber; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; roosting; Tanzania

Note on the smaller mammals of the Hester Malan Nature Reserve, Springbok, Namaqualand - Dieckmann, R. C. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1979)
A survey of the smaller mammals of the Hester Malan Nature Reserve resulted in a checklist as well as information on the habitat in which the mammals occurred. Of the 38 species listed, 31 were collected or seen in the Reserve and seven on the neighbouring farms and surrounding district.
Keywords: Carnivora; Chiroptera; Hyracoidea; Lagomorpha; Macroscelidea; Mammalia; Primates; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rodentia; Soricomorpha; South Africa

Notes on the mammal fauna of the Augrabies Falls National Park and surrounding areas, with special reference to regional zoogeographical implications - Rautenbach, I. L.; Schlitter, D. A.; de Graaff, G. (Koedoe, 1979)
An annotated checklist of the mammals recorded by direct or indirect means on or near the Augrabies Falls National Park, is provided. Speculations are offered as to which species have become locally extinct during historical times. The Orange River as a faunal dispersal corridor and barrier, is considered. A numerical analysis to determine whether the Augrabies Falls district falls within the Namib or the South West Arid biotic zone, is discussed.
Keywords: Chiroptera; distribution; Mammalia; Molossidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; Sauromys petrophilus; South Africa

Observations on the feeding behavior of the bat hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus) - Black, H. L.; Howard, G.; Stjernstedt, R. (Biotropica, 1979)
A foraging bat hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus) was observed for six consecutive nights near a cave in Zambia. Feeding bouts lasting an average of 18.3 minutes per night caught an average of seven insectivorous bats (average percent success was 49.3 per attempt). Average weight of meals was 56.3 g. Kill-ingestion rates averaged 6.0 sec. Bats were the only observed prey. The morphological and behavioral adaptations of bat hawks are discussed and interpreted as strategies that are a sensitive reflection of the biology, behavior, and ecology of small, insectivorous bats.
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; Cloeotis percivali; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Macheiramphus alcinus; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; Nycteridae; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris thebaica; Nycteris woodi; predation pressure; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus swinnyi; Southern Africa; Zambia

Physiological ecology and geographical range in the fruit-eating cave bat genus Rousettus Gray 1821 – a review - Kulzer, E. (Bonn. zool. Beitr., 1979)
Keywords: activity patterns; Africa; Asia; basal metabolic rate; behaviour; birth; cardiovascular system; Chiroptera; day roosts; echolocation; ecology; foraging; growth; Mammalia; morphology; physiology; Pteropodidae; reproduction; roosting behaviour; Rousettus aegyptiacus; temperature regulation; thermoregulation; twins; Verbreitung; water balance

Postnatal growth and development of thermogenesis in Rousettus aegyptiacus - Noll, U. G. (Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 1979)
1. One-day-old Rousettus aegyptiacus reveal thermoregulatory heat production at least for the first minutes when ambient temperature drops. This metabolic response to cold reaches the adult level in the third week of age.2. Thermoregulation can be proven from the 7th day of life by means of control variations in body temperature.3. The postnatal shift in the set point adjustment of body temperature is shown.4. The calorigenic effect of exogenous noradrenaline is significant after the first week of age reaching its maximum in the third week.
Keywords: Chiroptera; development; physiology; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; thermoregulation

Precision in prey selection by the trident-nosed bat (Cloeotis percivali) - Black, H. L. (Mammalia, 1979)
Stomach samples from 55 African trident-nosed bats (Cloeotis percivali), collected in Zambia over a 12 month period, were analyzed for prey remains. Lepidoptera were identified in all stomachs. Only seven bats had eaten prey other than lepidopterans. The width of the food niche for Cloeotis is compared with that of a temperate insectivorous species, Pipistrellus hesperus, and is shown to be narrower. Data are presented on the size distribution of selected insect taxa collected by light trapping. Seasonal aspects of prey abundance in relation to rainfall patterns is also presented. It is hypothesized that Cloeotis percivali is a specialist on lepidoterans irrespective of seasonal or short term changes in their abundance.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Cloeotis percivali; diet; food; Hipposideridae; Insecta; Lepidoptera; prey; rainfall; seasonality; Southern Africa; Zambia

Records of seven small mammal species (Insectivora, Chiroptera) new to the Kruger National Park - Rautenbach, I. L.; de Graaff, G.; Pienaar, U. d. V. (Koedoe, 1979)
On a recent collecting expedition in the Kruger National Park, the occurrence of seven species of small mammals (one shrew and six bats) within the confines of this sanctuary was confirmed for the first time. One species (Pipistrellus rusticus) is reported for the first time from within the borders of the Transvaal, whereas another species (Myotis bocagei) is reported for the first time for the Republic of South Africa. The seven species are briefly discussed and the collections where the specimens have been accessioned are indicated.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Crocidura mariquensis; distribution; Glauconycteris variegata; Kerivoula argentata; Myotis bocagii; Pipistrellus kuhlii [hesperidus]; Pipistrellus rusticus; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Soricidae; Soricomorpha; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

A short note on further feeding observations of Ruppell’s bat (Pipistrellus rueppelli) - Archer, A. L. (Botswana Notes & Records, 1979)
Keywords: Botswana; Chiroptera; foraging; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Southern Africa; trawling; Vespertilionidae

Specialized insectivory: Beetle-eating and moth-eating molossid bats - Freeman, P. W. (J. Mamm., 1979)
The jaw structure and mechanics of insectivores have been little studied. An effort is made here to compare and contrast jaw characteristics of insectivorous bats with those of herbivores and carnivores. Further, in one particular family of bats (Molossidae) jaw modifications are such that animals that take hard-shelled insect prey can be distinguished from those that take soft-shelled insect prey. Beetle-eaters generally have thick jaws, well-developed cranial crests, and fewer but bigger teeth, whereas moth-eaters have thin jaws, little crest build-up, and more but smaller teeth.
Keywords: Chiroptera; dentition; diet; food habits; Insecta; insectivory; Molossidae; skull

Spermatogenic and frontal sac gland activity in Triaenops persicus (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) - Mainoya, J. R. (Afr. J. Ecol., 1979)
Secretion of the frontal sac gland of the Persian leaf-nosed bat varies seasonally and is correlated with changes in spermatogenic activity. The possibility that androgenic hormones are directly involved in the secretory activity was not investigated.
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; Hipposideridae; histology; reproduction; Tanzania; Triaenops persicus [afer]

Taxonomy and zoogeography of fruit bats of the People’s Republic of Congo, with notes on their reproductive biology (Mammalia, Megachiroptera) - Bergmans, W. (Bijd. Dierk., 1979)
Megachiroptera (272) from the People’s Republic of Congo, belonging to 13 taxa, Eidolon helvum helvum (Kerr), Rousettus aegyptiacus unicolor (Gray), Lissonycteris angolensis angolensis (Bocage), Myonycteris torquata (Dobson), Hypsignathus monstrosus Allen, Epomops franqueti franqueti (Tomes), Epomophorus cf. labiatus (Temminck), E. wahlbergi haldemani (Halowell), Micropteropus grandis Sanborn, M. pusillus (Peters), Scotonycteris zenkeri zenkeri Matschie, S. ophiodon Pohle, and Megaloglossus woermanni Pagenstecher are examined. E. cf. labiatus and Micropteropus grandis are recorded from this country for the 1st time. The known ranges of E. cf. labiatus and M. grandis are greatly extended towards the west. In morphology and zoogeography 10 spp. correspond with populations to the north and, with the possible exception of both Scotonycteris spp. to the south; towards the east the distribution of R. aegyptiacus and both Scotonycteris spp. is possibly discontinuous. The 2 Epomophorus spp. and M. grandis are linked with populations towards the south and east only. Seasonal biannual reproduction is assumed for Epomops franqueti, Epomophorus wahlbergi and M. pusillus. Data on reproduction in other species are scarce or lacking.
Keywords: [Epomophorus] Micropteropus grandis; behaviour; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Congo (Brazzaville); ecology; Eidolon helvum; Epomophorus cf. labiatus; Epomophorus wahlbergi haldemani; Epomops franqueti; Faunistik; habitat preferences; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Lissonycteris angolensis; Mammalia; Megaloglossus woermanni; Micropteropus pusillus; morphology; Myonycteris torquata; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rousettus aegyptiacus unicolor; Scotonycteris ophiodon; Scotonycteris zenkeri; seasonality; species richness; systematics; zoogeography

Two bats in the Seychelles - Racey, P. A. (Oryx, 1979)
Counts of the two endemic bats in the Seychelles in 1977 suggested that the fruit bat Pteropus seychellensis occurred in large numbers on Praslin and La Digue. But the author suggests that the number taken for food, especially for the tourist restaurants on Mahé, is excessive and should be curbed; tree-felling in suitable roosting areas should also be discouraged. The other bat, the small insectivorous Coleura seychellensis, is clearly endangered — only six were found despite an extensive search — and complete protection is called for.
Keywords: Africa; bushmeat; Chiroptera; Coleura seychellensis; conservation; distribution; Emballonuridae; Fledermäuse; Indian Ocean; Pteropodidae; Pteropus seychellensis seychellensis; Seychelles; Verbreitung

Approaches towards studies on potential reservoirs of viral haemorrhagic fever in southern Sudan - Arata, A. A.; Johnson, B. (Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever - Proceedings of an International Colloquium on Ebola Virus Infection and Other Haemorrhagic Fevers held in Antwerp, Belgium, 6-8 December, 1977, 1978)
Keywords: [Mops nanulus] Tadarida (Mops) nanula; [Mops] Tadarida (Mops) trevori; Chiroptera; East Africa; Ebola; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus anurus [labiatus]; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; Pteropodidae; Scotoecus hindei [hirundo]; Scotoecus hirundo; Taphozous mauritianus; Vespertilionidae

Bat records from Upper Volta, West Africa - Koopman, K. F.; Mumford, R. E.; Heisterberg, J. F. (Am. Mus. Novitates, 1978)
The bats of Upper Volta are reviewed, based chiefly on previously unreported material. For the 27 spp. recognized, locality, habitat and reproductive data are given. Taxonomic notes are added where necessary and the distributional patterns in Upper Volta are considered in relation to the vegetation belts in West Africa. All but 2 spp. occur in the Sudan savanna, but nearly half of these also occur in the Guinea savanna, to which the 2 additional species appear confined. Several species reach the Sahel savanna. Of 10 spp. recorded from Upper Volta for the 1st time (Eidolon helvum helvum, Rousettus angolensis smithi, Hypsignathus monstrosus, Micropteropus pusillus, Nycteris hispida hispida, N. macrotis macrotis, N. thebaica, N. gambiensis, Rhinolophus landeri landeri, R. fumigatus, Hipposideros abae, H. commersoni gigas, Pipistrellus deserti, Eptesicus somalicus, Nycticeius schliefferi, Tadarida major, T. demonstrator and T. midas midas) only 2 represent significant range extensions: P. deserti south from Algeria and T. demonstrator west from Sudan. A gazetteer of bat collecting localities in Upper Volta is included.
Keywords: biodiversity; Burkina Faso; Chaerephon major; Chiroptera; ecology; Eidolon helvum; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros abae; Hipposideros commersoni gigas [vittatus]; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Lissonycteris angolensis smithii; Mammalia; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; Mops demonstrator; Mops midas; morphology; Neoromicia somalica; Nycteridae; Nycteris gambiensis; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris thebaica; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Pipistrellus deserti; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus landeri; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; West Africa; zoogeography

A comparative study of the bacula in bats of the genus Scotophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) - Harrison, D. L.; Brownlow, I. P. (Mammalia, 1978)
The baculum of all 5 recognized species of genus Scotophilus(S. nigrita, S. gigas, S. leucogaster, S. heathi and S. kuhlii) is studied and compared. It is of no value as a taxonomic character in distinguishing the species of this genus. Significant postnatal growth of the bone occurs; the baculum is unossified in infants; in the adult it lies obliquely in the glans penis. The 2nd specimen of S. gigas from Nigeria is recorded.
Keywords: Africa; Asia; baculum; Chiroptera; distribution; evolution; Fledermäuse; Mammalia; morphology; Os penis; phylogeny; Scotophilus gigas [nigrita]; Scotophilus heathi; Scotophilus kuhlii; Scotophilus leucogaster; Scotophilus nigrita; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Verbreitung; Vespertilionidae

Considérations sur le genre Nycteria (Haemoproteidae) parasite de microchiroptères africains avec description de quatre espèces nouvelles - Rosin, G.; Landau, I.; Hugot, J.-P. (Ann. Parasitol. Humaine et Comp., 1978)
Five species of Nycteria from Central Africa (Gabon and Congo-Brazzaville) were studied. They are divided into 2 distinct groups: the parasites of Nycteris with rosette-like gametocytes (Nycteria medusiformis, N. houini sp. nov. and N. erardi sp. nov.) and the parasites of Rhinolophus with gametocytes of the diffused type (N. gabonensis sp. nov. and N. krampitzi sp. nov.). The characteristics of the genus Nycteria and its place among other Haemosporidia are analyzed.
Keywords: Central Africa; Chiroptera; Congo (Brazzaville); endoparasites; Gabon; Nycteridae; Nycteris arge; Nycteris grandis; Nycteris nana; parasitism; Protozoa; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus silvestris

Définition de l’équateur biologique en fonction de la reproduction de Chiroptères d’Afrique Centrale - Anciaux de Faveaux, M. (Annales Soc. r. Zool. Belg., 1978)
Keywords: austral cycle; biological equator; boreal cycle; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Pteropodidae; reproduction

Diurnal variations of the glycogen and fat stores in the liver and breast muscle of the fruit bat, Eidolon helvum (Kerr) - Okon, E. E.; Umukoro, R. M.; Ajudua, A. (Physiol. Behav., 1978)
A study of the glycogen and fat levels of the liver and breast muscles of the fruit bat, Eidolon helvum was carried out in relation to their feeding and roosting behaviour. The glycogen concentrations in the liver were highest in the mornings, and lowest in the evenings. In contrast, the concentrations of liver fat were lowest in the mornings and highest in the evenings. Muscle glycogen and fat were higher in the mornings and evenings than in the afternoons. These findings are discussed in relation to the food habits and roosting activities of Eidolon helvum.
Keywords: activity patterns; Chiroptera; diet; Eidolon helvum; liver; muscles; Nigeria; physiology; Pteropodidae; West Africa

Ecological distribution of the mammals of the Transvaal (Vertebrata: Mammalia) - Rautenbach, I. L. (Ann. Transv. Mus., 1978)
The four biotic zones overlying the Transvaal are subdivided into ten graphical units of lower taxonomic rank, i.e. community types. The latter are in terms of the veld types described by Acocks (1975). The validity of, and the interrelationships between, community types are tested by means of Duellman’s (1965) Faunal Resemblance Factor. A simple phenogram constructed by using Sokal and Sneath’s (1963) "weighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages" (WPGMA), illustrating faunal relationships between community types, is given. Westward and southward declines in species densities are indicated. Species density, faunal diversity, and eastward and westward flowing drainage systems arc related to each other and arc also employed to indicate areas of varying ecological complexity within the Transvaal.
Keywords: allopatric; biodiversity; biogeography; biomes; Chiroptera; communities; distribution; ecology; endemic; Faunistik; habitat preferences; Mammalia; South Africa; species richness; sympatric; Vegetation; zoogeography

The ecology of the flowers of the savanna tree Maranthes polyandra and their visitors, with particular reference to bats - Lack, A. (J. Ecol., 1978)
Nocturnal observations were made on M. polyandra (Chrysobalanaceae), a common tree in the Guinea Savanna zone of West Africa, which shows many adaptations for pollination by bats. The flowers are borne on stiff pedicels in large white inflorescences, and each flower lasts for only 1 night. The anthers release pollen from about 19.30 h, and the stigma matures at about 01.00 h; nectar production is copious. The flowers are produced in the wet season when few other plants are flowering. The small bat Nanonycteris veldkampi (Pteropinae: Megachiroptera) visited the trees frequently for nectar. Feeding visits were sporadic soon after dusk, but became increasingly frequent until about 21.30 h, after which very frequent visits were observed until dawn. Analysis of the pollen loads of 29 bats showed that Protea elliottii is visited frequently in addition to M. polyandra. The bats probably travel several kilometres during the night. No evidence was obtained for the bats feeding on anything except nectar. Various other visitors, such as small insects, hawkmoths, genets and several bird species, feed on the nectar or pollen.
Keywords: Chiroptera; diet; ecology; flowers; foraging; Ghana; Nahrung; Nahrungswahl; Nanonycteris veldkampii; nectarivory; Parinari polyandra; pollination; Pteropodidae; West Africa

On the ecology of the fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi (A. Smith, 1829) in the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park - Herzig-Straschil, B.; Robinson, G. A. (Koedoe, 1978)
Field observations were carried out on R. aegyptiacus in the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park in the winter of 1974 and the summers of 1975 and 1976. The roost of the fruit bat population was a cave in the narrow gorge of the Storms river. The population was estimated at 3 000 bats. Activity during the night was found to be significantly longer in summer than in winter. The possible reaction of these bats to the commencement of activity to moon light conditions at the cave is discussed.Food items (Ekebergia capensis, Cassine crocea, Acokanthera oppositifolia and Viscum obscurum) were established by direct observations or by identification of food remains and seeds in the guano.Time of birth of infants was calculated from the forearm length of captured bats. According to these calculations parturition takes place during October to June with a peak in December.
Keywords: activity patterns; caves; Chiroptera; day roosts; diet; frugivory; Pteropodidae; reproduction; roosting; Rousettus aegyptiacus; seasonality; South Africa

Foods and ectoparasites of bats from Kenya, East Africa - Whitaker jr., J. O.; Mumford, R. E. (J. Mamm., 1978)
Keywords: Acari; Argasidae; Arthropoda; Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; diet; East Africa; ectoparasites; Epomophorus labiatus; food; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni [gigas-vittatus]; Insecta; Kenya; Macronyssidae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus minor; Miniopterus schreibersii; Molossidae; Mops condylurus; Myotis bocagii; Neoromicia rendalli; Nycteribiidae; Otomops martiensseni; parasitism; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Rousettus lanosus; Scotoecus albofuscus; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus viridis; Siphonaptera; Spinturnicidae; Streblidae; Triaenops persicus [afer]; Vespertilionidae

Fruit bats for meat: Are too many taken? - Funmilayo, O. (Oryx, 1978)
Nigerian people eat meat mainly from wild animals, and the straw-coloured fruit bat is a popular meat in the south-west, where colonies may number a million animals. But the killing methods are inefficient and wasteful, and no management of the populations is attempted. The author suggests there is need to improve the former and embark on the latter if this valuable resource is to be conserved.
Keywords: bushmeat; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; hunting; Nigeria; Pteropodidae; sustainable use; West Africa

The fruit bats of western Nigeria - Happold, D. C. D.; Happold, M. (Nigerian Field, 1978)
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; ecology; Faunistik; habitat preferences; Hangplätze; Mammalia; morphology; Pteropodidae; reproduction; roosting behaviour; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vegetation; West Africa; zoogeography

The host feeding patterns of some culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in The Gambia - Snow, W. F.; Boreham, P. F. L. (Bull. Entomol. Res., 1978)
A total of 2609 blood-fed females of 23 species of Aedes and Culex was collected, mainly from outdoor resting sites or in unbaited suction traps, at two localities in The Gambia. The host-feeding patterns of the mosquitoes indicated by the results of precipitin tests on the blood-meals were of three types: those in which large mammals were the predominant hosts, those where mammals, birds and reptiles were represented and those in which avian feeds predominated. C. tritaeniorhynchus Giles had fed predominantly on cattle, and small numbers of nine species of Aedes had fed on large mammals. C. thalassius Theo. was non-specific in its feeding habits, with feeds from a wide range of mammals and birds and a few reptiles. No evidence was found for a change in the feeding habits of C. thalassius with increasing age. C. poicilipes (Theo.) also fed on mammals and birds. Birds were the primary hosts of C. tigripes Grp. Charm., C. nebulosus Theo./ C. cinereus Theo., C. decens Theo., C. invidiosus Theo. and C. neavei Theo., although the feeds of C. decens included a large proportion on bats.
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; Culicidae; Diptera; diseases; food; Gambia; Insecta; Mammalia; Reptilia; vectors; West Africa

Austroglycyphagus asthmaticus spec. nov. (Acari, Glycyphagidae) vivant dans le guano de chiroptères à Bujumbura (Burundi) - Fain, A. (Rev. Zool. Afr., 1978)
Keywords: Acari; Arachnida; asthma; Austroglycyphagus asthmaticus spec. nov.; Burundi; Central Africa; Chiroptera; day roosts; Glycyphagidae; guano; Molossidae; Tadarida sp.

Karyotypic data for African mammals, with a description of an in vivo bone marrow technique - Robbins, L. W.; Baker, R. J. (Bull. Carnegie Mus. nat. Hist., 1978)
Keywords: Chiroptera; chromosomes; cytogenetics; Hipposideridae; karyotypes; Mammalia; Molossidae; Nycteridae; Pteropodidae; review; Rhinolophidae; Rhinopomatidae; Vespertilionidae

Les cycles annuels de reproduction chez les Chiroptères cavernicoles du Shaba (S-E Za{\"ıre) et du Rwanda - Anciaux de Faveaux, M. (Mammalia, 1978)
The research undertaken in Shaba (ex-Katanga) and Rwanda and set forth in this article concern the studies carried out in the subterranean field (natural and artificial cavities). It covers 24 species of Chiroptera among which 4 have been found by other zoologists: Hipposideros commersoni (E. Geoffroy, 1813) in Katanga, Rhinolophus hilli Aellen, 1973 and Hipposideros caffer (Sundevall, 1846) in Rwanda, and Otomops martiensseni (Matschie, 1897) in Katanga and Rwanda.The annual breeding cycles are classified in 3 main types: monooestrian, seasonal polyoestrian and continual polyoestrian.The author’s conclusions are compared with those of other research workers; a thorough critical investigation of the literature has given more precise details about the breeding modalities in some species on which the author has been unable to get any positive information.For every species, dates are presented (those concerning the author’s personal research and those published in previous works on the Chiroptera in other African areas) and an interpretation of breeding biology is advanced.
Keywords: [Chaerephon] Tadarida ansorgei; caves; Central Africa; Chiroptera; climate; Cloeotis percivali; Congo (Kinshasa); Emballonuridae; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Hipposideros commersoni; Hipposideros ruber; Lissonycteris angolensis; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus inflatus; Miniopterus schreibersii; Molossidae; Myotis tricolor; Nycteridae; Nycteris aethiopica [macrotis]; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris thebaica; Otomops martiensseni; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus hilli; Rhinolophus landeri; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus swinnyi; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Rwanda; seasonality; Tadarida fulminans; Taphozous perforatus; Vespertilionidae