Mating system of the bat Miniopterus minor (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Kenya, East Africa: A lek? - McWilliam, A. N. (Ethology, 1990)
The mating system of a migratory bat, Miniopterus minor, was studied in coastal Kenya, East Africa. Although this small (6.3 g) cavernicolous bat is not sexually dimorphic in size, aggregations of males secreted a pungent odour during their annual occupation of a particular erosion hollow, which appeared to function as a lek. This site was monopolized, for some two months before mating, by a group of about 30 adult males that were highly site specific for the cave. These bats were heavier than unsuccessful males and, having occupied the lek one year, were more likely to gain access to it in subsequent years. Potential determinants of the mating system are discussed in relation to observations of other miniopterene bats.
Keywords: behaviour; caves; Chiroptera; courtship behaviour; day roosts; East Africa; Fledermäuse; Kenya; lek mating; lekking; Mammalia; mating success; mating systems; migration; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus minor; reproduction; roosting behaviour; social behaviour; social organization; territoriality

New distribution records for four mammal species, with notes on their taxonomy and ecology - Bronner, G. N. (Koedoe, 1990)
New distribution records for four small mammal species (Georychus capensis, Galerella pulverulenta, Rhinolophus swinnyi and Amblysomus julinanae) are presented, along with relevant notes on the taxonomy, karyology and ecology of these species.
Keywords: Amblysomus julianae; Bathyergidae; Carnivora; Chiroptera; Chrysochloridae; distribution; Georychus capensis; Herpestes pulverulenta; Mammalia; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus swinnyi; Rodentia; South Africa; Viverridae

A new species, males and immature stages of Ancystropus with reference to apomorphic characters and their mode of development (Acarina: Spinturnicidae) - Uchikawa, K. (Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 1990)
Ancystropus notopteris sp. n. is described on the adult and immature stages. The males of all known species of Ancystropus except A. leleupi and the immature stages of A. kanheri, A. eonycteris, A. zeleborii and A. taprobanius are described or redescribed. Apomorphic characters of Ancystropus are evaluated, and are thought to have come out through sympatric speciations of mites on a few hosts independent of host speciations.
Keywords: Acari; Africa; Ancystropus notopteris sp. nov.; Angola; Arachnida; Chiroptera; Congo (Kinshasa); ectoparasites; Egypt; Epomops franqueti; identification key; parasitism; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Spinturnicidae

Pollination by bats and non-flying mammals of the African tree Parkia bicolor (Mimosaceae) - Grünmeier, R. (Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 1990)
Symposium on Reproductive Biology and Evolution of Tropical Woody Angiosperms held at the XIVth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, West Germany, 1987
Keywords: activity patterns; animal-plant interactions; behaviour; Cameroon; Central Africa; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; feeding habits; flowers; food distribution; foraging; Galago; Graphiurus; Korup-National Park; Lissonycteris angolensis; Mammalia; Megaloglossus woermanni; morphology; Nahrung; Nahrungswahl; nectarivory; Parkia bicolor; Perodicticus potto; plants; pollination; Primates; prosimians; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Vegetation

Polytocy in the Cape serotine bat Eptesicus capensis (A. Smith 1829) from the southern African subregion. - van der Merwe, M. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1990)
Polytocy is described in the Cape serotine bat, Eptesicus capensis, and discussed in relation to the occurrence of multiple births in other microchiropteran bat species in the southern African subregion. Although twins appear to be characteristic of the Cape serotine bat, triplets and even the occasional quadruplets occur.
Keywords: [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; Chiroptera; litter size; number of offspring; reproduction; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

Record of Hipposideros (Syndesmotis) megalotis (Heuglin) in Saudi Arabia - Gaucher, P.; Brosset, A. (Mammalia, 1990)
Keywords: Africa; Arabia; Chiroptera; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros megalotis; Saudi Arabia

Reproduction in the rusty bat, Pipistrellus rusticus, in the northern Transvaal bushveld, South Africa - van der Merwe, M.; Rautenbach, I. L. (J. Reprod. Fert., 1990)
Rusty bats are seasonally monoestrous and give birth to twins during November. Spermatozoa are present in the epididymides from March to August but absent from the testes from April until September. Males thus store spermatozoa in the epididymis for 5 months of the year (April-August). Mating is initiated during April with uterine horns exhibiting a 3-fold increase in sperm volume between April and July samples. It is concluded that ovulation and fertilization occur during the second half of August. Up to 5 conceptuses per female were recorded, but a maximum of only 2 implantations was observed.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Pipistrellus rusticus; reproduction; South Africa; sperm storage; Vespertilionidae

Reproductive strategies of bats in Africa - Happold, D. C. D.; Happold, M. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1990)
The reproduction of 37 species of bats from Malawi was investigated, and the strategies (litter size and chronology) of seven species were determined. Reproduction was then related to rainfall and (if possible) abundance of food. Strategies of Malawian bats were compared with strategies of bats from six other African environments with different patterns of rainfall and availability of food. Monotocous species are numerous and found in all environments, but there are few polytocous species and polytocy has not been recorded in some environments. Ten reproductive chronologies (distinguished by the timing of parturition in relation to season, the presence of reproductive synchrony, the number of pregnancies/year, and the presence or absence of post-partum oestrus) were recognized in African bats. The number and kind of chronologies occurring in different environments is variable. Four chronologies have been recorded in fruit-bats; intraspecific variability is rare, possibly because fluctuations in the abundance of fruit are comparatively small in the environments where most species of fruit-bats are found. Reproductive inflexibility may explain why most fruit-bats do not exploit diverse environments. Eight chronologies have been recorded in insect-eating bats. These bats show more interspecific and intraspecific variability than fruit-bats, probably because seasonal differences in the availability of insects are great enough to impose considerable selective pressure on reproduction. Species capable of reproductive flexibility exploit diverse environments.
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; evolution; Fledermäuse; frugivory; insectivory; Malawi; Mammalia; mating systems; Nahrung; Pteropodidae; reproduction; seasonality; Southern Africa; theory

Roosting requirements and behaviour of five bat species at De Hoop Guano Cave, southern Cape Province of South Africa - McDonald, J. T.; Rautenbach, I. L.; Nel, J. A. J. (S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1990)
The roosting requirements and behaviour of five obligatory cave-dwelling bats occurring in the De Hoop Guano Cave, is reported. A measure of interspecific temporal and spatial partitioning of this resource is demonstrable. The cave is characterized by structural and thermal complexity, and was found to be an important breeding site for two species during summer, whereas it served as winter residence for the other three. M. schreibersii was by far the most abundant species, and predominated in the warmest sections of the cave, where it further modified temperatures towards optimal levels.
Keywords: caves; Chiroptera; day roosts; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; Myotis tricolor; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; partitioning; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; Rhinolophus clivosus; roosting; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

Roosting, vocalizations, and foraging behaviour by the African bat, Nycteris thebaica - Aldridge, H. D. J. N.; Obrist, M. K.; Merriam, H. G.; Fenton, M. B. (J. Mamm., 1990)
The purpose of this study was to examine certain aspects of the roosting and foraging behavior of Nycteris thebaica under natural conditions. We documented roost selection, vocalizations associated with roosting, and foraging behavior in habitats of different structure. We conducted this study between 3 November and 5 December 1987 in Mana Pools National Park in Zimbabwe.
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; day roosts; echolocation; ecology; Fledermäuse; foraging; habitat preferences; Mammalia; Mana Pools National Park; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; roosting behaviour; Southern Africa; temperature; Zimbabwe

Systematic and distributional notes on the larger species of the genus Epomophorus Bennet, 1836 (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) - Claessen, C. J.; De Vree, F. (Vertebrates in the Tropics. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Vertebrate Biogeography and Systematics in the Tropics, 1990)
Based on morphologic, biometric and zoogeographic characters, E. gambianus, E. crypturus and E. angolensis are considered to be well defined species. E. gambianus parvus is a junior synonym of E. crypturus and E. pousarguesi is a junior synonym of E. gambianus. E. wahlbergi is first recorded for Sudan.
Keywords: Africa; allopatric; Chiroptera; Epomophorus angolensis; Epomophorus crypturus; Epomophorus gambianus; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Faunistik; Mammalia; morphology; Pteropodidae; revision; speciation; species richness; Sudan; sympatric; systematics; taxonomy; zoogeography

Westward range extension of Temminck’s hairy bat in South Africa and Lesotho - Watson, J. P. (S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1990)
The recorded distribution of Myotis tricolor in southern Africa is extended 240 km westwards with the collection of two specimens from two localities in the Orange Free State and seven specimens from two localities in Lesotho. The specimens from the Orange Free State are collected in well vegetated areas while those from Lesotho were netted in open grassland. These records are not regarded as vagrants because pregnant and non-pregnant females as well as males were collected at Marakabei. The pregnant female collected at Van Soelenshoek was most probably netted in the vicinity of a maternity cave because the females of this species arrive at maternity caves from mid-August. Some of the females collected in October and November were pregnant, with the female collected in November being near-term.
Keywords: [Cistugo] Myotis lesueuri; activity patterns; Chiroptera; Cistugidae; distribution; Lesotho; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; Myotis tricolor; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus; Southern Africa; Vegetation; Vespertilionidae

The adaptive significance of reproductive delay phenomena in some South African Microchiroptera - Bernard, R. T. F. (Mammal Rev., 1989)
In the last 8 years, examples of prolonged sperm storage, delayed implantation and retarded embryonic development have been reported from some South temperate Old World Microchiroptera. Consequently some form of reproductive adaptation, in which a period of delay occurs in the reproductive cycle, is one requirement for hibernating bats in subtropical and temperature latitudes. The inclusion of a period of reproductive delay during winter effectively lengthens the reproductive cycle and allows gametogenesis to be initiated in the middle of one summer, and parturition to occur early the following summer. It is suggested that the type of reproductive delay evolved by a species may be related to its pattern of winter activity.
Keywords: Chiroptera; day roosts; delayed development; delayed implantation; ecology; Fledermäuse; foraging; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; latitude; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus fraterculus; Miniopterus schreibersii [natalensis]; Myotis tricolor; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; reproduction; review; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; Rhinolophus clivosus; seasonality; South Africa; sperm storage; spermatogenesis; temperate; tropical; Vespertilionidae

Are figs keystone resources for tropical frugivorous vertebrates? A test in Gabon - Gautier-Hion, A.; Michaloud, G. (Ecology, 1989)
This paper evaluates the suggestion of Terborgh (1986) that figs constitute "keystone plant resources" for frugivorous mammals and birds in African rain forests as they appear to do in South America and Asia. From studies of the diets of monkeys and other mammals and birds in Gabon, we show that figs are infrequently eaten by most species, and are always eaten in small amounts. Figs in Gabon occur at very low densities and have unpredictable fruiting patterns and relatively low crown production. Thus, fig fruits are not staple foods and cannot sustain most populations of frugivorous species during periods of low fruit availability. In Gabon, monkeys and large birds depend on the fruit of two species of Myristicaceae and of one species of Annonaceae. These regularly bear ripe fruit during the lean period and are abundantly consumed. Figs occur in such distant patches that they are mainly fed on by wide-ranging animals such as large frugivorous bats.
Keywords: animal-plant interactions; Aves; behaviour; Central Africa; Chiroptera; diet; dry season; ecology; feeding habits; Ficus; food distribution; foraging; frugivory; Gabon; Makokou; Mammalia; Moraceae; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; Primates; Pteropodidae; rainforests; seasonality; seed dispersal; succession; Vegetation

Arthropod inhabitants of a tropical cave ’island’ environment provisioned by bats - Braack, L. E. O. (Biol. Conservation, 1989)
The arthropod community associated with an estimated population of 8,000 Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats is described. The bats are permanent residents within a 64-m deep split in a sandstone cliff. Transect sampling suggested a floor population in excess of 80,000 Gyna spp. cockroaches. Other cave inhabitants included reduviid bugs preying on the cockroaches, parasitic evaniid and chalcidoid wasps, trogid beetles utilising dead bats, tenebrionid and ptinid beetles, thysanurans, as well as numerous haematophagous argasid ticks and nycteribiid flies using the bats as food source.
Keywords: Acari; Ancystropus zeleborii; Arachnida; Arthropoda; caves; Chiroptera; Diptera; ectoparasites; Eucampsipoda africana; food webs; Ischnopsyllidae; Kruger National Park; Nycteribiidae; Ornithodoros faini; parasitism; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Siphonaptera; South Africa; Spinturnicidae; Thaumapsylla breviceps

Catálogo de Murciélagos de las Colecciones del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales - Ibáñez, C.; Fernández, R. (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, 1989)
This paper shows the results of a revision of the bats collection held in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid, which consists of over 1300 specimens shared by at least 144 species belonging to 11 families. The more interesting specimens are emphasized, those being without doubt the types of the 17 species and subspecies described by Angel Cabrera using the material from this Museum. Of them, they are actually considered as valid names Dobsonia remota, Rhinolophus anderseni, Hipposideros caffer tephrus and Cabreramops aequatorianus although the first species offers some doubts. Their holotypes and paratypes are preserved, at least partially. A careful study of the different groups could make possible the validity of some other names like Rhinolophus carpetanus, R. f. obscurus, Pipistrellus p. rnediterraneus and P. savii ochromixtus. The rest of them are included under synonymy in a rather definitive way.
Keywords: Africa; Asia; Cabreramops aequatorianus; Chiroptera; Dobsonia remota; Europe; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer tephrus; Molossidae; museum collections; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus anderseni; systematics; taxonomy; type specimens

Emergence behaviour of the bat Tadarida (Chaerephon) pumila (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Ghana, West Africa - McWilliam, A. N. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1989)
Keywords: Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; clustering; emergence; Ghana; Molossidae; roosting; temporal patterns; West Africa

Head size and the foraging behaviour of animal-eating bats - Fenton, M. B. (Can. J. Zool., 1989)
Regression analysis and analysis of covariance on linear measurements of body size (forearm length), head length (condylocanine length), and length of maxillary toothrow showed significant differences among 245 species of bats in 12 families. The linear measurements of the 194 animal-eating species, namely those in the Emballonuridae, Vespertilionidae, Phyllostominae, Rhinolophidae, and Megadermatidae, showed that species of bats with longer heads had longer maxillary toothrows. The data also showed that some animal-eating bats which are presumed to forage from continuous flight have proportionally shorter heads than species that use sally foraging. Molossids, species specialized for rapid, efficient flight, had longer heads than expected, whereas sally-foraging hipposiderids had shorter heads. I use the data to predict that head length in animal-eating bats affects the size of prey selected.
Keywords: behaviour; Beutespektrum; body size; Chiroptera; cranium; diet; ecology; feeding habits; Fledermäuse; foraging; Mammalia; morphology; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; skull

Epomophorus gambianus - Boulay, M. C.; Robbins, C. B. (Mammalian Species, 1989)
Keywords: Africa; behaviour; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; Epomophorus gambianus; habitat preferences; Mammalia; morphology; Pteropodidae; reproduction; review; systematics; taxonomy; zoogeography

Karyotypes of two nycterid bats from Somalia - Lee jr., T. E.; Bickham, J. W.; Schlitter, D. A. (Mammalia, 1989)
Keywords: Chiroptera; chromosomes; evolution; Fledermäuse; genetics; karyotypes; Mammalia; North Africa; Nycteridae; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris macrotis; speciation; systematics; taxonomy

Les chauves-souris (Chiroptera) dans le régime alimentaire des rapaces nocturnes (Strigiformes) au Maroc - Aulagnier, S. (European Bat Research 1987, 1989)
Although bats represent a minor part in owl diets only, as a rule, the records obtained by analyses o owl pellets can often complete the knowledge of their distribution in a substantial way. This concerns, for instance, the Moroccan records of Otonycteris hemprichi and/or Rhinopoma microphyllum.In Morocco, the eagle owl (Bubo ascalaphus) is the most important predator of bats (nearly 1 % of prey, vertebrates only); Tyto alba takes bats to a lesser extent (less than 1 %o of prey). The results concerning the other owl species are not significant due to limited sample sizes. It is obvious that Strix aluco, Athene noctua and even Asio capensis that feeds particularly on insects prey, can kill bats (the diet of Asio otus and Otus scops being not documented). Apparently there is no relation between sizes of predator and prey. The habitat type appears to be more significant: owls living in hills and mountains take more often the bats than those inhabiting plains, and more in presaharian areas than in northern Morocco. This may be linked either with the number of bats, as mountains provide many caves and cliffs, or with the density of other available prey; in this point the cultivated plains cannot be compared with steppic hamadas.In total, 60 skulls of 11 species were identified. This is a very incomplete sample of Moroccan bat fauna (26 spp.), but many of them seem so rare (one or two records for each small Myotis spp., for example) that this result is not surprising. Within the sample, Myotis blythi (24) is the most common, followed by Pipistrellus kuhli (9), Asellia tridens (8), Eptesicus serotinus (5), etc. As observed in Europe, too, Rhinolophidae are poorly represented though they are abundant and widely distributed over the country. The absence of Miniopterus schreibersi is also noticeable: since it is common and very often coexists with the mouse-eared bat it must escape from owls. This and the presence of bats living only in narrow cracks show that, as elsewhere, the owls hunt flying animals.
Keywords: Asellia tridens; Asio capensis; Asio otus; Athene noctua; Aves; Bubo ascalaphus; Chiroptera; diet; Eptesicus serotinus [isabellinus]; food; Hipposideridae; Morocco; Myotis blythi [punicus]; Myotis mystacinus; North Africa; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Otonycteris hemprichi; Pipistrellus kuhli; Plecotus austriacus [gaisleri]; predation; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus euryale; Rhinolophus mehelyi; Rhinopoma microphyllum; Rhinopomatidae; Strigiformes; Strix aluco; Tyto alba; Vespertilionidae

A list of Angolan Chiroptera with notes on their distribution - Crawford-Cabral, J. (Garcia de Orta, Sér. Zool., 1989)
Sixty one taxa of bats (most of them species) are listed for Angola. The collecting localities cited in the literature are mentioned for each of them, as well as the material examined, housed in the ex-Centro de Estudos do Lubango, Angola (a department of the ex-Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica de Angola), and in the Centro de Zoologia of the Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, in Lisbon. Notes on distribution are also given for many of the taxa. The list is accompanied by distributional maps and is preceded by some introductory zoogeographical considerations.
Keywords: Angola; Chiroptera; Mammalia; Southern Africa

Liste des Capillaria (Nematoda, Capillariinae) parasites de Mammifères africains - Justine, J.-L. (Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. (4), section A, 1989)
Bibliographic check-lists of parasites and their hosts and locality, and lists of hosts and their parasites are given for Capillaria from African mammals, both native and introduced, for captive African mammals in Zoos, from Man in Africa, and also for some experimental infections of laboratory animals of African origin. About 25 species of Capillaria have been reported, from about 50 species of hosts.
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; endoparasites; Mammalia; Miniopterus; Myotis; Nematoda; parasitism; Rhinolophus

Longevity in Schreibers’ long-fingered bat - van der Merwe, M. (S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1989)
Longevity in a hibernating and migratory vespertilionid, Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis, was studied with mark-recapture techniques. Data from this study suggest that 13 years may be the maximum life expectancy of this species in the wild.
Keywords: age; banding; Chiroptera; life history; longevity; mark-recapture; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus natalensis; South Africa

The male reproductive pattern and histology of the testes of the lesser yellow house bat, Scotophilus borbonicus (E. Geoffroy, 1803) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) - van der Merwe, M.; Rautenbach, I. L. (Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 1989)
Monthly samples of the testes of the vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus borbonicus were collected, sectioned and examined by light microscopy. Spermatogenesis was prolonged and extended over 8 months, coinciding with spring, summer and autumn. During any particular month only certain spermatogenic cells are present in the seminiferous tubules. The mediastinum is, unlike that of most other mammals, situated towards the caudal border of the testis. This species is eminently suited for the study of the process of spermatocytogenesis.
Keywords: anatomy; Chiroptera; histology; reproduction; Scotophilus borbonicus; seasonality; South Africa; spermatogenesis; Vespertilionidae

The mammals of the north-eastern Cape Province - Lynch, C. D. (Mem. nas. Mus., Bloemfontein, 1989)
Keywords: biodiversity; Chiroptera; distribution; ecology; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Mammalia; morphology; Pteropodidae; South Africa; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vegetation; Verbreitung; zoogeography

A new distribution record for the Botswana long-eared bat in South Africa - Herholdt, E. M. (S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1989)
A new distribution record for Laephotis botswanae, the Botswana long-eared bat, is reported from the Waterberg area of the north-western Transvaal, based on four specimens collected over seven months. Some observations on the natural history of this species are made.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Laephotis botswanae; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

Plasma progesterone concentrations in the female Natal clinging bat (Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis) - van der Merwe, M.; Van Aarde, R. J. (J. Reprod. Fert., 1989)
Plasma progesterone concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay in the Natal clinging bat remained below 2.01 ng/ml during lactational anoestrus but increased significantly during the period of delayed implantation. Values peaked at implantation but were followed by a significant decrease thereafter. Concentrations remained low (<6.0 ng/ml) during the initial period of fetal development (153-180 days post coitum) and attained peak values (85.6-181.3 ng/ml) 216-222 days after fertilization. The marked post-implantation increase in progesterone concentrations coincided with a significant increase in placental weight.
Keywords: breeding; Chiroptera; endocrinology; hormones; implantation; lactation; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus natalensis; physiology; pregnancy; reproduction; seasonality; South Africa

Quatre nouvelles espèces de Capillaria (Nematoda, Capillariinae) parasites de Chiroptères du Gabon - Justine, J.-L. (Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. (4), section A, 1989)
Four new species of Capillaria, parasites of microchiropterans, are described from Gabon. Three species share: two latero-caudal alae, a membranous caudal bursa and a non-spiny cirrus in the male; presence of a vulvar appendage and eggs with smooth surfaces in the female. Capillaria landauae n. sp. is found in the intestines and stomach of Rhinolophus silvestris. The male has a thin, transversally straited spicule 650 {\`ım in length, and a small membranous caudal bursa which surrounds two forked protrusions; the female has an ovary provided with a posterior fibrous expansion and a small median bacillary band in addition to the two usual lateral bands. C. brosseti n. sp. is found in the intestines of Rhinolophus landeri. The male has a non-sclerified, almost invisible spicule 300 {\`ım in length, a cloaca with a powerful internal cuticle, and a large caudal membranous bursa which surrounds two massive protrusions each of which bears three papillae. C. gabonensis n. sp., found in the intestines of R. landeri, is similar to C. brosseti but is distinguished by the shape of stichocytes and the egg dimensions. A fourth species, C. magnova n. sp., is found in the stomach of Miniopterus inflatus, and is described only from females. This species also has a vulvar appendage and it is distinguished from the three above species by its eggs, which have greater dimensions and bear polar striations. The existence of non-sclerified spicules in C. brosseti and C. gabonensis (probably also found in other species) and which are only visible with a microscope equipped with Nomarski interference contrast is considered to be an argument against the validity of the genus Skrjabinocapillaria Skarbilovitsch, 1946.
published in 1990?
Keywords: Aonchotheca; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Gabon; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus inflatus; parasites; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus landeri; Rhinolophus silvestris; species description

Reproduction of Angola free-tailed bats (Tadarida condylura) and little free-tailed bats (Tadarida pumila) in Malawi (Central Africa) and elsewhere in Africa - Happold, D. C. D.; Happold, M. (J. Reprod. Fert., 1989)
Angola free-tailed bats and little free-tailed bats occur in diverse habitats throughout most of Africa south of the Sahara. This study investigated the reproductive strategies and related biology of these species in Malawi where they were sympatric, and analysed data from elsewhere in Africa to show how the strategies varied along a gradient of habitats from approximately 12°N to 25°S. Both the Angola free-tailed bat and the little free-tailed bat were normally monotocous. Angola free-tailed bats invariably had 2 births/year, and the interval between consecutive births decreased with increasing latitude. When the interval was shortest ( 90 days) a post-partum estrus occurred. Little free-tailed bats differed by having a shorter gestation ( 60 days), and the ability to have up to 5births/year with a postpartum estrus after each birth. The extent to which this potential is achieved varies with latitude and rainfall, mainly so that lactation can coincide with peaks in the abundance of food. The interaction between rainfall and reproductive characteristics results in the two species having patterns of reproduction which are sometimes similar, but more often different. Competition between the species is unlikely to be affected by differences in their reproduction.
Keywords: behaviour; Biotopwahl; Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; ecology; Fledermäuse; Malawi; Mammalia; Molossidae; Mops condylurus; reproduction; seasonality; Southern Africa; wet season

Revision of the genera Hipposiderobia, Triaenomyobia, and Binunculoides (Acarina: Myobiidae) associated mainly with the chiropteran family Hipposideridae (Mammalia) - Uchikawa, K.; Kock, D. (J. Parasitol., 1989)
The 3 myobiid genera, Hipposiderobia, Triaenomyobia, and Binunculoides are redefined on the basis of recently acquired knowledge of chiropteran Myobiidae. The genus Hipposiderobia is divided into the nominate subgenus and new subgenus Orientobia represented by 6 and 9 species, respectively. Two new species and a new synonymy within the genus Hipposiderobia are presented. The genera Triaenomyobia and Binunculoides are still monotypic. Measurements and key characters for all species of those genera are tabulated. The following species are discussed: H. indochinensis sp. nov., H. heteronycha, H. rhinopomatos sp. nov., H. assellicus, H. afra, and B. boendeensis, and T. triaenops.
Keywords: Acari; Africa; Arachnida; Asellia tridens; Aselliscus stoliczkanus; Aselliscus tricuspidatus; Burkina Faso; Chad; Chiroptera; Congo (Kinshasa); ectoparasites; Egypt; Ethiopia; Ghana; Hipposideridae; Hipposiderobia afra; Hipposiderobia heteronycha; Hipposiderobia rhinopomatos sp. nov.; Hipposideros abae; Hipposideros beatus; Hipposideros caffer centralis; Hipposideros commersoni gigas; Hipposideros commersoni marungensis [vittatus]; Hipposideros fuliginosus; Hipposideros jonesi; Hipposideros megalotis; Hipposideros ruber; host-parasite coevolution; Kenya; Mammalia; Morocco; Mozambique; Myobiidae; parasitism; Rhinopoma cystops; Rhinopoma hardwickii arabium; Rhinopomatidae; Sudan; Tanzania; taxonomy; Triaenomyobia triaenops; Triaenops afra [afer]; Triaenops persicus [afer]; Uganda; Zambia; Zanzibar

Roosting and echolocation behavior of the African bat, Chalinolobus variegatus - Obrist, M. K.; Aldridge, H. D. J. N.; Fenton, M. B. (J. Mamm., 1989)
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; day roosts; echolocation; ecology; Fledermäuse; foraging; Glauconycteris variegata; habitat preferences; Mammalia; Mana Pools National Park; roosting behaviour; Southern Africa; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe

Small mammals collected in the Gotel Mts. and on the Mambilla Plateau, eastern Nigeria - Nikolaus, G.; Dowsett, R. J. (Tauraco Research Report, 1989)
Keywords: biodiversity; Chiroptera; ecology; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; morphology; Muridae; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus alticolus; Rodentia; Soricomorpha; species richness; Sylvisorex megalura; systematics; taxonomy; West Africa; zoogeography

Systematic notes on Liberian bats - Koopman, K. F. (Am. Mus. Novitates, 1989)
Based on previously unreported material, 32 species of bats are recorded from Liberia, bringing the total species known for that country to 52. The following species are recorded from Liberia for the first time: Rhinolophus guineensis, Hipposideros fuliginosus, Myotis tricolor (first record for western Africa), Pipistrellus eisentrauti, "Eptesicus"brunneus, Glauconycteris poensis, Mops brachyptera, and M. spurrelli. Other noteworthy findings are the confirmation of an unsually large form of Rhinolophus clivosus (R. c. hillorum ssp. nov.) from tropical western Africa (here described as a new subspecies), the revelation of additional complexity in what is here called Hipposideros ruber, clarification of the distinction between H. caffer and H. beatus, and a discussion of the problems of distinguishing Mops spurrelli and M. nanulus. It is clear that a large number of forest species, some basically East African, have been able to extend as far west as Liberia and probably to the western limits of the high forest.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Erstbeschreibung; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Liberia; morphology; Pteropodidae; rainforests; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus hillorum ssp. nov. [R. hillorum]; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; West Africa; zoogeography

Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). 2. The genera Micropteropus Matschie, 1899, Epomops Gray, 1870, Hypsignathus H. Allen, 1861, Nanonycteris Matschie, 1899, and Plerotes Andersen, - Bergmans, W. (Beaufortia, 1989)
The genera Micropteropus Matschie, 1899, Epomops Gray, 1870, Hypsignathus H. Allen, 1861, Nanonycteris Matschie, 1899, and Plerotes Andersen, 1910 and the species assigned to them are reviewed. All the currently recognized taxa are maintained except subspecific partitions in Epomops franqueti (Tomes, 1860). The known characters are reviewed and discussed, and new characters presented, and their possible taxonomical implications mentioned. Of the skull characters traditionally used to distinguish Micropteropus from Epomophorus Bennett, 1836 relative rostrum length, relative zygomatic width and the form of the postdental palate are found to be rather in line with the tendencies in that genus. The palatal ridges in both species of Micropteropus are less different from those in Epomophorus than has generally been claimed but at the same time distinguish those species, as seem to do chromosome morphology (only known for M. pusillus (Peters, 1867)) and, probably, the anatomy of the vocalization organs. The original type specimen and locality of M. pusillus, disregarded since Andersen (1912) rejected them, are recognized. Within Epomops, atypical section is distinguished containing the forest species franqueti and buettikoferi (Matschie, 1899), while the woodland species dobsonii (Bocage, 1889) is considered atypical and possibly not congeneric. For the latter species a neotype is designated. In addition to earlier observed differences, the typical section of Epomops differs from Epomophorus in the morphology of its pterygoid wings. Epomops franqueti strepitans Andersen, 1910 is synonymized with the nominal subspecies as no satisfactory delimitation or transitional zone can be conceived. E. buettikoferi is maintained as a species on the basis of several sympatric occurrences with E. franqueti but the need for further research is recognized. Pterygoid wing morphology in Epomops dobsonii is as in Epomophorus, and its postdental palate exhibits transitional characters from typical Epomops toward Epomophorus; its palatal ridges are atypical and possibly derived froma pattern as in Epomophorus. Hypsignathus monstrosus H. Allen, 1861 resembles typical Epomops in its pterygoid wing morphology and palatal ridge pattern, and is less related to E. dobsonii than has been suggested. Some of the generic characters of Nanonycteris are rejected as neotenic traits. Several characters of Nanonycteris veldkampii (Jentink, 1888) suggest that Epomops dobsonii may be its nearest living relative rather than typical Epomops. In this small species females are (on average) larger than males in all measurements, which is the reverse of the situation in all larger epomophorines. Yet, males have relatively longer rostrums and larger zygomatic widths. Plerotes is confirmed as a genus combining primitive and specialized traits, but certain wing characters claimed to distinguish it are rejected and the need for wet preservation of future specimens is emphasized. P. anchietae (De Seabra, 1900) is known from nine specimens, most of which immature. A neotype is designated to replace the lost holotype. New cranial and fur characters are described.
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; Epomops buettikoferi; Epomops dobsonii; Epomops franqueti; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Micropteropus intermedius; Micropteropus pusillus; Nanonycteris veldkampii; Plerotes anchietae; Pteropodidae; revision; systematics; Vegetation; zoogeography

Ultrastructural changes in the seminiferous epithelium of two seasonally reproducing bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Bernard, R. T. F.; Hodgson, A. N. (J. Morphol., 1989)
The Sertoli cells of the Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis) and Schreiber’s long-fingered bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) undergomarked changes in ultrastructure related to stages in the spermatogenic cycle. The amount of lipid stored in the Sertoli cells varies annually and is at a maximum from just after spermiation to early in the following spermatogenic cycle. During spermatogenesis, the diameter of the lipid droplets decreases, reaching a minimum prior to spermiation. Sertoli cells exhibit a marked apicobasal differentiation, particularly in the vicinity of developing late spermatids, where the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cell is packed with smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The possible roles of lipid droplets and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in steroidogenesis by Sertoli cells are discussed. Junctional complexes occur between Sertoli cells and spermatogonia, are apparently absent from between Sertoli cells and spermatocytes, and are restricted to the region of the developing acrosome in the spermatids. Annulate lamellae, which occur commonly in the developing germinal cells and less frequently in the Sertoli cells, may be associated with the production of microtubules, which are present in both spermatids and Sertoli cells.
Keywords: anatomy; Chiroptera; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii [natalensis]; morphology; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; South Africa

Une nouvelle espèce de Capillaria (Nematoda, Capillariinae) parasite de chauve-souris (Mammalia, Chiroptera) du Gabon - Justine, J.-L. (Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. (4), section A, 1989)
Description of Capillaria chabaudi n. sp., a stomach parasite of Rhinolophus silvestris from Gabon (Africa). The male has two small and thick latero-caudal alae, a membranous caudal bursa and a non-spiny cirrus. The caudal bursa is supported by two forked expansions. The spicule (665-840 µm in length) is well visible, little sclerified, without transverse striations, and with a pointed posterior extremity. The female bears a vulvar appendage. The inner face of the wall of the vagina uterina shows transverse striations. The four species morphologically most closely related to C. chabaudi n. sp. are C. speciosa sensus Zdzitowiecki, 1970, a parasite of European bats, C. pipistrelli sensu Wang, 1982, C. kashmirensis and C. rhinolophi, three species parasitic in Asian bats. C. chabaudi is the first species of Capillaria found in central Africa in a Chiroptera.
Keywords: Central Africa; Chiroptera; endoparasites; Gabon; parasitism; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus silvestris

The acoustic role of tracheal chambers and nasal cavities in the production of sonar pulses by the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hildebrandti - Suthers, R. A.; Hartley, D. J.; Wenstrup, J. J. (J. Comp. Physiol. A, 1988)
The acoustic role of the enlarged, bony, nasal cavities and rigid tracheal chambers in the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hildebrandti (Fig. 2) was investigated by determining the effect of their selective filling on the nasally emitted sonar pulse and on the sound traveling backwards down the trachea.Normal sonar signals of this bat contain a long constant frequency component with most energy in the second harmonic at about 48 kHz. The fundamental is typically suppressed 20 to 30 dB below the level of the second harmonic (Fig. 1).None of the experimental manipulations described affected the frequency of the sonar signal fundamental.Filling the dorsal and both lateral tracheal chambers had little effect on the emitted vocalization, but caused the level of the fundamental component in the trachea to increase 15 to 19 dB in most bats (Table 2). When only the dorsal chamber or only the two lateral chambers were filled, the effect was less striking and more variable (Tables 3 and 4), suggesting that the tracheal fundamental is normally suppressed by acoustic interaction between these three cavities.Filling the enlarged dorsal nasal cavities had no effect on the tracheal sound. The effect of this treatment on the nasally emitted sonar pulse was inconsistent. Sometimes the fundamental increased 10 to 12 dB, other times the intensity of all harmonics decreased; in still other cases the second, third or fourth harmonic increased, but the fundamental remained unchanged (Tables 5, 6, and 7).When bats were forced to vocalize through the mouth, by sealing the nostrils, there was a prominent increase in the level of the emitted fundamental (10 to 21 dB) and in the fourth harmonic (6 to 17 dB). In one instance there was also a significant increase in the level of the third harmonic (Tables 8 and 9). The supraglottal tract thus filters the fundamental from the nasally emitted sonar signal, although the role of the inflated nasal cavities in this process is unclear.We conclude that a high glottal impedance acoustically isolates the subglottal from the supraglottal vocal tract. The tracheal chambers do not affect the emitted sonar signal, but may attenuate the fundamental in the trachea and prevent it from being reflected from the lungs back towards the cochlea. It may be important to prevent the reflected fundamental from stimulating the cochlea, via tissue conduction, along multiple indirect pathways which would temporally smear cochlear stimulation.Tracheal and nasal chambers, by suppressing the internally reflected and externally radiated components, respectively, of the laryngeal fundamental, may enable horseshoe bats to rely on the tissue-conducted fundamental as a reference or marker of its own laryngeally generated sound which could be useful in processing sonar information.
Keywords: CF-echolocation; Chiroptera; resonance; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; skull; Southern Africa; Zimbabwe

The bats of Malawi - Happold, D. C. D.; Happold, M.; Hill, J. Edwards (Mammalia, 1988)
This paper gives an account of the 55 species of bats currently known to occur in Malawi. Six species are recorded for the first time, together with 86 new species-locality records which increase the records for Malawi (Africa) by approximately 44 percent. Data were obtained from 1489 specimens (36 species) collected from 13 localities by DCDH and MH (August 1984 to June 1985), and museum specimens in Malawi. The account of each species includes measurements, localities, and brief notes on distribution, status, habitat, domiciles, and behaviour. The bat faunas of Malawi and 13 other African countries are compared to reveal patterns and trends in the zoogeography and geographical ecology of the bats of Malawi.
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; [Mops] Tadarida midas; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus melckorum; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus rendalli; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus zuluensis; [Nycticeinops] Nycticeius schlieffenii; behaviour; biodiversity; biogeography; Chiroptera; communities; ecology; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus crypturus; Epomophorus minor; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Epomops dobsoni; Eptesicus hottentotus; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Glauconycteris argentata; Glauconycteris variegata; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Hipposideros commersoni [vittatus]; Hipposideros ruber; Kerivoula argentata; Kerivoula harrisoni; Laephotis botswanae; Lavia frons; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus fraterculus; Miniopterus schreibersii; Molossidae; Myotis bocagei; Myotis tricolor; Myotis welwitschii; Nycteridae; Nycteris grandis; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris thebaica; Nycteris woodi; Otomops martiensseni; Pipistrellus kuhlii [hesperidus]; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Pipistrellus rusticus; predation; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus darlingi; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus landeri; Rhinolophus simulator; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Scotoecus albigula; Scotoecus albofuscus; Scotoecus hindei [hirundo]; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus nigrita; Scotophilus viridis; Southern Africa; species richness; systematics; Tadarida fulminans; Tadarida ventralis; Taphozous mauritianus; taxonomy; Vegetation; Vespertilionidae; zoogeography

Comparison of the morphology of the megachiropteran and microchiropteran eye - Bojarski, C.; Bernard, R. T. F. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1988)
The structure of the eyes of two South African bat species, Rousettus aegyptiacus (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) and Rhinolophus capensis (Microchiroptera: Rhinolophidae) was examined and compared by means of light microscopy. The eyes of both species exhibit characteristics of a typical ’nocturnal eye’ (presence of only rods in the retina; the cornea shows a marked curvature and occupies about one third of the globe; the anterior and posterior chambers are very large in relation to the vitreous) and neither possess a fovea. The main difference occurs in the choroid and the retina. The fruit bat R. aegyptiacus shows a marked folding of the retina, as a result of papillae that project inwards from the choroid. This does not occur in the insectivorous bat R. capensis, where the choroid and the retina form a smooth layer. It is suggested that this unique feature of the fruit bat, and the associated increase in surface area and hence the number of photoreceptors is probably responsible for its good nocturnal vision.
Keywords: anatomy; behaviour; Chiroptera; ecology; evolution; eyes; Fledermäuse; Mammalia; morphology; nocturnal; Pteropodidae; retina; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; rods; Rousettus aegyptiacus; South Africa; vision

Die Säugetiere im Golf von Guinea und ihre Beziehung zur Säugetierfauna des westafrikanischen Festlandes (Mammalia) - Feiler, A. (Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 1988)
A short survey is given on the mammal fauna of the Islands in the Gulf of Guinea evaluating the literature and a short trip of the author to São Tome in 1983:(1) Endemic species (Crocidura thomensis, Myonycteris brachycephala) are existing only on the Island of São Tome.(2) Non-endemic species are originally wild-living species, or species spread by man.(2a) Among the originally wild-living species one species (Eidolon helvum) occurs on all islands without intraspecific differentiation.(2b) The other species do not live on all Islands, only on some of them. There are as well species forming special subspecies on the islands (Hipposideros commersoni), as species having the same subspecies like the animals in the nearby situated continental forest areas (Hipposideros ruber guineensis). Rousettus aegyptiacus was detected for the first time 1983 on São Tome by the author.(2c) Among the species spread by man there are: cosmopolits (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus), intentionally introduced species (Viverra civetta, Mustela nivalis numidica), and species which are secondarily wild-living (pig).(2d) Concerning the occurrence of the species Cercopithecus mona and Miniopterus minor newtoni the human influence is uncertain.The reasons for the occurrence of the different species on the islands are discussed.
Keywords: Annobón; Bioko; Cameroon; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; endemic; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Gulf of Guinea; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni [thomensis]; Hipposideros ruber guineensis; island biogeography; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus minor newtoni; morphology; Myonycteris brachycephala; Pr{\'ıncipe; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; São Tomé; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; zoogeography

Differential rates of genic and chromosomal evolution in bats of the family Rhinolophidae - Qumsiyeh, M. B.; Owen, R. D.; Chesser, R. K. (Genome, 1988)
Data for nondifferentially stained chromosomes from 10 species of Rhinolophus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) suggest a conserved chromosomal evolution. G-banded chromosomes for three well differentiated species (Rhinolophus hipposideros, Rhinolophus blasii, and Rhinolophus acuminatus) corroborate a low level of gross chromosomal rearrangements. Additionally, a comparison between G-banded chromosomes of Rhinolophus (Rhinolophidae) and Hipposideros (Hipposideridae) suggests extreme conservatism in chromosomal arms between these two distantly related groups. On the other hand, we report extensive genie divergence as assayed by starch gel electrophoresis among these 10 species, and between Rhinolophus and two hipposiderid genera (Hipposideros and Aselliscus). The present chromosomal data are not sufficient for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenies based on electrophoretic data are in many aspects discordant with those based on the classical morphological criteria. Different (and as yet not clearly understood) evolutionary forces affecting chromosomal, morphologic, and electrophoretic variation may be the reason for the apparent lack of concordance in these independent data sets.
Keywords: Arabia; Aselliscus tricuspidatus; Asia; Chiroptera; chromosomes; cytogenetics; electrophoresis; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros armiger; Hipposideros diadema; Japan; Jordan; karyotypes; New Guinea; phylogeny; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus acuminatus; Rhinolophus affinis; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus cornutus; Rhinolophus darlingi; Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; Rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon; Rhinolophus hipposideros; Rhinolophus malayanus; Rhinolophus pusillus; South Africa; Thailand

Evolutionary relationships in the family Emballonuridae (Chiroptera) - Robbins, L. W.; Sarich, V. M. (J. Mamm., 1988)
Protein electrophoresis and immunology were used to test hypotheses concerning phylogenetic relationships within the family Emballonuridae and the relationship of the family Rhinopomatidae to the Emballonuridae. These data indicate the presence of three major subdivisions within the family. The eight genera from the New World form one monophyletic group, the Old World genera Taphozous and Saccolaimus form the second, and Emballonura and Coleura the third. The Emballonura-Coleura lineage is more closely related to the New World genera than to the other Old World group. The family Rhinopomatidae was found to be distantly related to both the Emballonuridae and the Vespertilionidae.
Keywords: Africa; Balantiopteryx plicata; Centronycteris maximiliani; Chiroptera; Coleura afra; Congo (Kinshasa); Diclidurus albus; Egypt; Emballonura beccarii; Emballonura furax; Emballonura nigrescens; Emballonuridae; Kenya; Peronymus leucopterus; Peropteryx kappleri; Peropteryx macrotis; phylogeny; Rhynchonycteris naso; Saccolaimus peli; Saccopteryx bilineata; Saccopteryx canescens; Saccopteryx leptura; Taphozous mauritianus; Taphozous nudiventris; Zimbabwe

Faces of Microchiroptera from Egypt - Madkour, G. A. (Zool. Anz., 1988)
Keywords: anatomy; Chiroptera; Egypt; morphology; North Africa

Fine structure of the neck of epididymal spermatozoa of Schreiber’s long-fingered bat (Chiroptera: Mammalia) - Bernard, R. T. F.; Hodgson, A. N. (Gamete Research, 1988)
The structure of the spermatozoon of the long-fingered bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) was studied using transmission electron microscopy. The neck is characterized by two asymmetrically arranged features that allow the orientation of sections in different planes and therefore aid the interpretation of the structure. There are six segmented columns, two major and four minor, in the anterior 79% of the neck, and it is only posterior to this that the major columns split. One major column is associated with doublets 9,1, and 2, and the other major column, with doublets 5 and 6. The proximal centriole is surrounded by the capitulum and segmented columns, and the distal centriole persists and is apparent in both longitudinal and transverse sections. The central pair of microtubules pass through the distal centriole and terminate at the proximal centriole. A line drawn through the two central microtubules divides the head into left and right halves. Development of the neck begins during early spermiogenesis at which time the two centrioles are associated with the production of the capitulum, segmented columns, and axoneme complex.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii [natalensis]; morphology; South Africa; spermatozoa

First steps in the ecology of the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park, Central African Republic - Spinage, C. A. (Afr. J. Ecol., 1988)
A description is given of the 11,560 km2 Bamingui-Bangoran National Park situated in the mid-Sudanian phytogeographic domain of the Central African Republic. Attention is drawn to the interest of the ecology of this little-known zone, which lies between north-south and east-west ecotones, of the sahel-tropical forest and oriental region west Africa, respectively. Preliminary collections of plants and small mammals were made. An analysis of the flora and the large mammals observed suggests a predominantly West African affinity. The sub-specific endemism shown by the large mammals appears more probably linked to Pleistocene isolation by the Chari-Logone river system, than to a mega Lake Chad as has been postulated elsewhere.
Keywords: Amphibia; Central Africa; Chaerephon ansorgei; Chaerephon nigeriae; Chiroptera; Coleura afra; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus gambianus; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros abae; Hipposideros cyclops; Hipposideros ruber centralis; Lavia frons affinis; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; Mops congicus [M. trevori]; Myonycteris torquata; Neoromicia guineensis; Neoromicia nanus; Neoromicia somalicus; Nycteridae; Nycteris hispida; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Otomops martiensseni; plants; protected areas; Pteropodidae; Reptilia; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus landeri; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus nigritellus [viridis]; Taphozous mauritianus; Vegetation; Vespertilionidae

Fluctuations in availability of arthropods correlated with microchiropteran and avian predator activities - Rautenbach, I. L.; Kemp, A. C.; Scholtz, C. H. (Koedoe, 1988)
Aerial arthropods were sampled by driving a standard transect along the riparian forest of the Luvuvhu River, South Africa, to assess hourly and seasonal variations in available biomass. Sampling, with an air-plankton net mounted on a vehicle, was conducted hourly over 48-hour periods during the fullest phase of the moon for each of eight months during 1986/87. Seasonal variation in availability of terrestrial arthropods was assessed by means of six pitfall traps set in the riparian forest. On a daily basis, the available biomass of aerial arthropods was found to increase markedly at and during the two hours following sunset, with a slight peak at or in the two hours preceding dawn. Highest monthly availability was found to correspond with the warm summer rainy season, with a marked increase after the first rains. The peak for terrestrial arthropods was found to occur later in the summer than for aerial arthropods. These patterns of arthropod availability correlate well with the daily activity rhythms and seasonal reproduction of microchiropteran bats and their avian predators.
Keywords: activity patterns; Aves; behaviour; Beutespektrum; Chiroptera; communities; diet; ecology; Falconiformes; feeding habits; Fledermäuse; food distribution; foraging; habitat preferences; Insecta; Kruger National Park; Mammalia; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; predation pressure; reproduction; seasonality; South Africa; Strigiformes

Haematology and iron status of the Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus - Van Der Westhuyzen, J. (Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 1988)
1. Haematological values and iron status of wild and captive fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) were determined.2. Plasma iron concentrations were 175[mu]g/dl in wild males, and 286-316 [mu]g/dl in captive bats.3. Total splenic stores were small (around 100 [mu]g) in relation to hepatic stores (3 mg) and total haem iron (2.6 mg).4. Haemoglobin levels, red cell counts and haematocrits were unusually high and mean corpuscular volumes low.5. Lactating wild bats showed no deficits in iron status or in haematological values.6. It is concluded that the ascorbic acid content of fruit, together with the bats’ high food requirement, has ensured an ample iron supply in this vegetarian species.
Keywords: Chiroptera; physiology; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; South Africa

Eidolon helvum - DeFrees, S. L.; Wilson, D. E. (Mammalian Species, 1988)
Keywords: Africa; behaviour; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; Eidolon helvum; habitat preferences; Mammalia; morphology; Nahrung; physiology; Pteropodidae; reproduction; review; systematics; taxonomy; zoogeography

IFE: Un nouvel Orbivirus africain isolé chez des chauves-souris Eidolon helvum capturées au Nigeria, au Cameroun et en République Centrafricaine - Kemp, G. E.; Le Gonidec, G.; Karabatsos, N.; Rickenbach, A.; Cropp, C. B. (Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 1988)
Eight viral isolates were recovered from Eidolon helvum bats collected in Nigeria and Cameroun in 1971 and from the Central African Republic in 1974. Subsequent studies showed that the agents from the three countries were similar and were strains of a new virus of the Orbivirus genus, family Reoviridae. This new virus was characterized with respect to its sensitivity to lipid solvents and to pH, its relative size and morphology by electron microscopy, its effect on mice experimentally infected by various routes, the histopathology found in infected mice, and its antigenic relationship or lack of a relationship to other known orbiviruses.
Keywords: Africa; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; infectious diseases; Nigeria; Pteropodidae; virology

Oochoristica agamae Baylis, 1919 (Eucestoda, Linstowiidae) in one reptile and two bat species from Nsukka (Anambra State, Nigeria) - Okafor, F. C. (Miscellània Zoològica, 1988)
The same cestode parasite was recovered from the small intestines of different insectivorous hosts: a lizard Agama agama, two bats Tadarida chaeraphon nigeriae (Thomas, 1913) and Hipposideros caffer tephrus (Cabrera, 1906) at Nsukka. Various measurements and observations on gross anatomy (e.g. number and arrangement of the ovary, dimensions of the cirrus sac, etc.) show that al1 specimens of the parasites belong to the same species. The different hosts feed on a common intermediate host in the same environment which may account for this phenomenon. The prevalence of the worms and the intensity of infection in the three hosts are also presented. There is a significantly high prevalence in the males, but no explanation for this trend is given.
Keywords: Chaerephon nigeriae; Chiroptera; endoparasites; Eucestoda; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer tephrus; Molossidae; Nigeria; parasitism; Reptilia; West Africa

Karyotypical variation in Southern African Rhinolophidae (Chiroptera) and non-geographic morphometric variation in Rhinolophus denti Thomas, 1904 - Rautenbach, I. L. (Cimbebasia (A), 1988)
Keywords: Chiroptera; chromosomes; cytogenetics; evolution; Fledermäuse; karyotypes; Mammalia; morphology; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus capensis; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus darlingi; Rhinolophus denti; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus landeri; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus swinnyi; Southern Africa; speciation; systematics; taxonomy

Mammals of Malawi. An Annotated Check List and Atlas - Ansell, W. F. H.; Dowsett, R. J. (Trendrine Press, 1988)
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; [Mops] Tadarida midas; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus africanus nanus; [Neoromicia] Pipistrellus capensis; [Neoromicia] Pipistrellus rendalli; [Neoromicia] Pipistrellus zuluensis; checklist; Chiroptera; conservation; distribution; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus crypturus; Epomophorus minor; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Epomops dobsonii; Eptesicus hottentotus; gazetteer; Glauconycteris argentata; Glauconycteris variegata; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Hipposideros commersoni marungensis [vittatus]; Hipposideros ruber; Kerivoula argentata; Kerivoula lanosa lucia; Laephotis botswanae; Lavia frons; Malawi; Mammalia; maps; Megadermatidae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis; Molossidae; Mozambique; Myotis bocagii; Myotis tricolor; Myotis welwitschii; Nycteridae; Nycteris grandis marica; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris thebaica; Nycteris woodi; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Otomops martiensseni icarus; Pipistrellus kuhlii fuscatus [hesperidus]; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Pipistrellus rusticus; Pipistrellus sp. [melckorum-grandidieri]; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus darlingi; Rhinolophus fumigatus exsul; Rhinolophus hildebrandti; Rhinolophus landeri; Rhinolophus simulator; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Scotoecus albigula; Scotoecus albofuscus; Scotoecus hindei [hirundo]; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus nigrita alvenslebeni; Scotophilus viridis; Southern Africa; systematics; Tadarida fulminans; Tadarida ventralis; Tanzania; Taphozous mauritianus; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe

Monoclonal antibodies to Mokola virus for identification of rabies and rabies-related viruses - Bussereau, F.; Vincent, J.; Coudrier, D.; Sureau, P. (Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1988)
Rabies and rabies-related virus strains were studied by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against either nucleocapsid proteins or cell surface antigens of Mokola virus (Mok-3). Each strain was used in parallel to infect cultured cells and mice. Then, the patterns of reactivity of the different monoclonal antibodies were determined by the immunofluorescent-antibody staining procedure. On cells, the monoclonal antibodies differentiated fixed rabies virus strains (serotype 1) from rabies-related virus strains. The seven fixed strains (CVS, PV4, PM, Flury LEP and HEP, ERA, and SAD) reacted identically. The previous serotype groupings (serotype 2, Lagos-bat virus; serotype 3, Mokola virus; serotype 4, Duvenhage virus) established with anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies were confirmed, except for that of Lagos-bat Kindia, which appeared to be related to the African subtype of the Duvenhage serotype (Duv-2). Within the Mokola (Mok-l, -2, -3, and -5 and Umhlanga) and the Lagos-bat (Lag-l and -2, Zimbabwe, Pinetown, and Dakar) serotypes, each strain appeared to be distinct. The African subtype of the Duvenhage serotype reacted differently from the European subtype. Within the Duvenhage serotype, subtypes Duv-4, -5, and -6 and Denmark reacted identically, while subtypes Duv-l, -2, and -3 and German Democratic Republic appeared to be distinct. The monoclonal antibodies specific for the cell surface antigens were also used in neutralization tests with all the strains. Two of them neutralized the infectivity of Mokola virus.
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; pathogens; rabies; virology

Myobiidae (Acarina, Trombidiformes) associated with minor families of Chiroptera (Mammalia) and a discussion of phylogeny of chiropteran myobiid genera. - Uchikawa, K. (J. Parasitol., 1988)
Three new genera, Natalimyobia n. gen., Furipterobia n. gen., and Mizopodobia n. gen., are erected for the myobiid mites associated with the chiropteran families Natalidae, Furipteridae, and Myzopodidae, respectively. The definitions for the genera Nycterimyobia, Thyromyobia, and Mystacobia, previously known only from one sex, are refined with the description of the opposite sex. Two different types of myobiid genera, one being represented by larger elongate forms and the other by smaller rounded forms, often share hosts within a chiropteran family. A larger elongate myobiid genus is associated exclusively with each chiropteran family. Phylogenetic relationships among 16 larger-sized myobiid genera, including the 3 new ones, are deduced based primarily on the structure of female genitalia and secondarily on the formation of legs and chaetotaxy of idiosoma and legs. These relationships are regarded as being parallel to those of the chiropteran host families.
Keywords: Amorphochilus schnablii; Cameroon; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Furipteridae; Furipterobia chileensis sp. nov.; host-parasite coevolution; Madagascar; Myzopoda aurita; Myzopodidae; Myzopodobia naudoi sp. nov.; Natalidae; Natalimyobia handleyi sp. nov.; Natalus stramineus; Nycteridae; Nycterimyobia camerounensis sp. nov.; Nycteris arge; parasites; taxonomy; Thyromobia tricolor sp. nov.; Thyroptera tricolor albiventer; Thyropteridae

New bat records from the Red Sea Mountains of Egypt - Osborn, D. J. (Mammalia, 1988)
Keywords: Chiroptera; Egypt; Molossidae; North Africa; Plecotus austriacus christiei [christii]; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Vespertilionidae

A new pattern of early embryonic development in the seasonally breeding non-hibernating lesser yellow house bat, Scotophilus borbonicus (E. Geoffroy, 1803) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) - van der Merwe, N. J.; Rautenbach, I. L.; Penzhorn, B. L. (Ann. Transv. Mus., 1988)
Monthly collections of Scotophilus borbonicus females and examination of serially sectioned female genital tracts showed that it is a monoestrous species. Insemination, ovulation and fertilization take place in autumn. Early embryonic growth is retarded, but not arrested. The conceptus remains in the morula stage for 6 to 8 weeks, followed by a blastocyst stage of c. two months. With the onset of warmer weather, a higher rate of embryogenesis is observed.
Keywords: Chiroptera; gestation; histology; parturition; reproduction; retarded development; Scotophilus borbonicus [viridis]; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

New records of bat fleas (Siphonaptera) from South Africa - Segerman, J.; Braack, L. E. O. (J. Entomol. Soc. South. Af., 1988)
Keywords: Chaerephon ansorgei; Chaerephon major; Chiroptera; ectoparasites; Insecta; Lagaropsylla anciauxi; Lagaropsylla hoogstraali; Molossidae; Mops condylurus; Mops midas; parasitism; Siphonaptera; South Africa; Togo

New records of bats (Microchiroptera) from Nigeria - Hill, J. Edwards; Harrison, D. L.; Jones, T. S. (Mammalia, 1988)
Keywords: Chiroptera; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Kerivoula lanosa muscilla; Mammalia; morphology; Myotis morrisi; Nigeria; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus darlingi; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; West Africa

Notes on a collection of bats from the riverine forests of the Jubba Valley, southern Somalia, including two species new to Somalia - Varty, N.; Hill, J. Edwards (Mammalia, 1988)
Keywords: Cardioderma cor; Chiroptera; distribution; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni [vittatus]; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Northeast Africa; Nycteridae; Nycteris parisii; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Pipistrellus eisentrauti [P. grandidieri?]; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Scotoecus albigula; Scotophilus dinganii; Somalia; Vespertilionidae

Notes on bats from Morocco - Ibáñez, C. (Mammalia, 1988)
Keywords: Barbastella barbastellus; Chiroptera; Myotis emarginatus; Myotis mystacinus; North Africa; Nyctalus lasiopterus; Nyctalus leisleri; Vespertilionidae

Nouvelles données sur les chiroptères des {\^ıles du Cap-Vert - Azzaroli Puccetti, M. L.; Zava, B. (Boll. Mus. reg. Sci. nat. Torino, 1988)
As a consequence of the recent capture of three bats in the Cape Verde Islands as well as of the study of the Chiroptera specimens from this part of the world which are present in the collections of the Natural History Museums of Florence, Genoa, London and Paris, sixteen specimens of bats have been identified, belonging to five different species: Taphozous nudiventris (4 specimens from São Tiago and 2 from Maio), Pipistrellus savii (4 specimens from Fogo and 2 from São Vicente), Plecotus austriacus (1 specimen from Maio), Pipistrellus kuhli (1 specimen from São Vicente), Miniopterus schreibersi (2 specimens from Santo Antäo). The last two species are new for the archipelago. The geographical, geological, climatic, ecological and historical aspects of the islands are also briefly considered.
Keywords: [Hypsugo] Pipistrellus savii; Africa; Atlantic; biodiversity; Cape Verde Islands; Chiroptera; distribution; ecology; Emballonuridae; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; island biogeography; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; morphology; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Plecotus austriacus; species richness; systematics; Taphozous nudiventris; taxonomy; Verbreitung; Vespertilionidae

The placenta and foetal membranes of the lesser yellow house bat, Scotophilus borbonicus (E. Geoffroy, 1803) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) - van der Merwe, N. J.; Rautenbach, I. L. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1988)
A discoidal hemodichorial placenta is present in Scotophilus borbonicus. Evidence is presented which suggests that histotrophic nutrition, in addition to hemotrophic nutrition, occurs. The foetal trophospongium phagocytoses cell debris and glandular secretions derived from the maternal endometrium (decidua basalis). This cell debris forms a detritus zone between the decidua basalis and trophospongium. The existing concept of the basal lamina (intrasyncytial membrane) of the hemodichorial placenta is described in a modified form.
Keywords: Chiroptera; histology; microscopy; reproduction; Scotophilus borbonicus [viridis]; South Africa; ultrastructure; Vespertilionidae

Prolonged sperm storage in male Cape horseshoe bats. An alternative solution to the reproductive limitations of winter hibernation - Bernard, R. T. F. (Naturwissenschaften, 1988)
Keywords: Chiroptera; delayed fertilization; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; Rhinolophus clivosus; South Africa

Re-evaluation of Pipistrellus capensis capensis (A. Smith, 1829) (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) and neighboring subspecies in Southern Africa - Thorn, E. (Mammalia, 1988)
The considerable differences typifying several subspecies of Pipistrellus capensis, and the overlapping distribution of these forms in South Africa, suggest that they have evolved for some time in isolation but are presently re-integrating and sporadically interbreeding as a result of recent ecological changes. Confusion has been superimposed on this unusual situation by the choice as lectotype for P. c. capensis of a specimen typical of the larger western subspecies, and subsequent designation of its type locality in a place marginal to that form.
Keywords: [Neoromicia] Pipistrellus capensis; Chiroptera; distribution; Fledermäuse; Mammalia; morphology; Southern Africa; systematics; taxonomy; Verbreitung; Vespertilionidae

Relative brain size and morphology of some South African bats - Bernard, R. T. F.; Paton, J.; Sheppey, K. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1988)
Measures of relative brain size and brain macromorphology are described for four species of Microchiroptera, two from the Vespertilionidae and two from the Rhinolophidae, and two species from the pteropodidae (Megachiroptera). Four brain parameters (brain length, hemisphere length, brain width and brain height) were measured, and converted to indices of proportion to allow interspecific comparison. The megachiropteran species have relatively larger brains than the microchiropteran species, this being primarily a result of the greater development of the cerebral hemispheres in the former group. Of the microchiropteran species, Miniopterus schreibersii has the highest value for comparative brain size and its brain shows several characteristics of the more encephalized Megachiroptera such as reduced exposure of the mesencephalic tectum, and the presence of prominent cerebral sulci. The possibility that the differences in brain size and development between the Megachiroptera and the Microchiroptera, may be related to diet, or that they may be of phylogenetic origin, is discussed.
Keywords: anatomy; body mass; brain size; Chiroptera; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii [natalensis]; Myotis tricolor; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rousettus aegyptiacus; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

Renal form and function in relation to the ecology of bats (Chiroptera) from Malawi, Central Africa - Happold, D. C. D.; Happold, M. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1988)
The ratio of the medulla to the cortex (M/C ratio) was determined for three species of Megachiroptera, and the ratio of the inner medulla to the cortex (IM/C ratio) was determined for 28 species of insect-eating Microchiroptera from diverse savanna and montane habitats within Malawi. Although all these species occur in the southern savanna biotic zone of Africa, each varies in its ability to exploit the African rainforest, arid and desert biotic zones. The kidneys of th eMegachiroptera were very different to those of the insect-eating Microchiroptera, and these differences were related to the need of fruit-bats to excrete the surplus water associated with their diet. The urine concentrating capacity of each species of Microchiroptera was predicted from the IM/C ratio. Family characteristics were examined, and the urine concentrating capacities of the Malawian bats were compared with bats from elsewhere, and with some rodents. The insect-eating Microchiroptera exemplified a very diverse range of IM/C ratios. The IM/C ratio of each species was compared with its drinking behaviour in captivity, diet, foraging strategy, flight, aspect ratio, domicile, roosting behaviour and habitat. It was hypothesized that the ability of insect-eating Microchiroptera to conserve urinary water would be an advantage to species: (a) living in xeric habitats; (b) adapted for sustained high-speed flight; (c) roosting in hot dry domiciles; (d) roosting in solitude; and (e) living at high altitudes where seasonal low temperatures induce torpidity. These hypotheses were tested, and it was concluded that, while the ability to conserve urinary water may have been an advantage in most of these situations, it was not essential.
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; kindeys; Malawi; Mammalia; morphology; Nahrung; physiology; Pteropodidae; Southern Africa; urine; water

Reproduction of the Egyptian fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus in the southern tropics - Penzhorn, B. L.; Rautenbach, I. L. (S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1988)
Egyptian fruit bats Rousettus aegyptiacus had a single restricted annual breeding season at Pafuri in the Kruger National Park. Spermatogenesis reached a peak in May, as indicated by seminiferous tubule diameter. Spermiophagy by macrophages in the cauda epididymis occurred during November to January. Seminal vesicle secretions were discrete globular structures. Mating took place in July and August, followed by parturition in November and December. Lactation lasted ca two months. The overall pregnancy rate was 95%.
Keywords: Chiroptera; lactation; mating; parturition; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rousettus aegyptiacus; South Africa; spermatogenesis

The reproductive cycle of male long-fingered bats, Miniopterus minor (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in a seasonal environment of the African tropics - McWilliam, A. N. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1988)
A cave population of Miniopterus minor had a seasonally monoestrous reproductive cycle that corrsponded closely to the rainfall-induced seasonality of coastal Kenya (4°S). Males had pronounced cycles of body weight resulting from the deposition of fat during periods of relative food abundance in both rainy seasons, and its depletion during competitive mating and the dry seasons, when numbers of insects were lowest. The annual period of sexual regeneration clearly followed the increase in body weight which occurred during the ’long rains’ (April-June). Testicular recrudescence was accompanied by hypertrophy of the accessory glands and all reproductive organs involuted after mating in July, remaining inactive until the following April. An annual moult corresponded with the improvement in body condition that occurred at the beginning of the ’long rains’. The growth of new pelage was completed in May, by which time ambient temperatures had dropped and adult males entered a diurnal torpor that lasted over much of the colder ’long dry season’ (July-October). The secretion of a pungent substance in the urine of adult males coincided with peak testicular activity during the annually competitive occupancy of a mating site (May-July).
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; Kenya; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus minor; reproduction; seasonality

The reproductive cycle of male tomb bats, Taphozous hildegardeae (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae), in a seasonal environment of the African tropics - McWilliam, A. N. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1988)
Two cave populations of Hildegarde’s tomb bat had a reproductive cycle that corresponded closely to the rainfall-induced seasonality of coastal Kenya (4°S). Males had pronounced bimodal cycles of body weight due to the deposition of fat during periods of relative food abundance in both rainy seasons, and fat depletion during competitive mating and the dry seasons, when numbers of moths were lowest. The main period of sexual regeneration coincided with the increase in body weight experienced during the ’long rains’ (April-June) and led to mating. A secondary peak in the weights of male sexual glands, associated with the increase in body weight that occurred in the ’short rains’ (October-December), did not result in reproduction. It is suggested that this latter period of sexual activity was related to the maintenance of year-round harems, and may represent the male response to a vestigial, bimodally polyoestrous, reproductive cycle.
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; Emballonuridae; Kenya; reproduction; roosting; seasonality; Taphozous hildegardeae

Scrotal melanins in bats (Chiroptera): Description, distribution and function - Kermott, L. H.; Timm, R. M. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1988)
Several species of bats contain pigment granules within the scrotal skin, tunica vaginalis, or tunica albuginea surrounding the testis and/or epididymis. Seventy-two species of bats, representing 49 genera were examined for the presence of such pigmentation. Histological, chemical and spectrophotometric tests were performed and confirmed the pigment as melanin. Melanin was found only in the families Pteropidae, Megadermatidae, Myzopodidae and Vespertilionidae. A strong correlation exists between scrotal pigmentation and roosting in locations where the bats are exposed to solar radiation. Melanin pigmentation in the scrotal region appears to be an adaption protecting male germinal tissue from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. In one species, Lavia frons, melanin deposited within the scrotal skin appears to have a social/ reproductive communication function.
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; colour; communication; Emballonuridae; Furipteridae; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Molossidae; Mormoopidae; Natalidae; Noctilionidae; Nycteridae; Phyllostomidae; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinopomatidae; scrotum; Thyropteridae

Social organisation of the bat Tadarida (Chaerephon) pumila (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Ghana, West Africa - McWilliam, A. N. (Ethology, 1988)
The social organisation of the polyoestrous bat, Tadarida pumila, was studied in northern Ghana (W. Africa). Although this small (8.5 g) free-tailed bat is not sexually dimorphic in size, adult males develop an odorous inter-aural crest of long hairs. A social system based on female defense polygyny was found which, however, also involved elements of resource defense. Harems, each generally established in the roof space of separate dwelling houses with restricted access, consisted of an adult male and up to 21 females, with their young, and the larger harems were held by heavier males. Harem composition was stable and both harem males and females showed high site fidelity over the study span of 16 months.
Keywords: Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; day roosts; female defense polygyny; Fledermäuse; Ghana; harem; Mammalia; mating systems; Molossidae; morphology; reproduction; roosting behaviour; social behaviour; social organization; West Africa

Statut de trois espèces de chiroptères rares au Maroc: Nycteris thebaica, Hipposideros caffer et Pipistrellus rueppelli - Arlettaz, R.; Aulagnier, S. (Z. Säugetierk., 1988)
Discussed is the occurrence of three rare species of bats in Morocco. Nycteris thebaica and Hipposideros caffer originate from Africa, south of the Sahara; in Morocco they live exclusively along the Atlantic coast. Pipistrellus rueppelli which was caught in the presaharian area (Tafilalt) is reported for the first time in Morocco. The populations of all three species are considered as remnants.
Keywords: Chiroptera; distribution; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros tephrus; Mammalia; Morocco; North Africa; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Pipistrellus rueppellii; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; zoogeography

A Survey of Cave-Dwelling Bats on the South Coast of Kenya - Pont, S. M. (Unpublished Report of the 1988 Aberdeen University Expedition, 1988)
Keywords: Cardioderma cor; caves; Chiroptera; coastal forests; Coleura afra; colony size; conservation; day roosts; East Africa; Emballonuridae; habitat destruction; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni [gigas-vittatus]; Hipposideros ruber; Kenya; Megadermatidae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus minor; monitoring; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; population counts; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus landeri; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Taphozous hildegardeae; threats; tourism; Triaenops persicus [afer]

Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). 1. General introduction; material and methods; results: The genus Epomophorus Bennet, 1836 - Bergmans, W. (Beaufortia, 1988)
This first part of a revision of African fruit bats contains a short general Introduction and a section Materials and Methods, both pertaining to all parts – as are the first remarks under Results – and a study of the genus Epomophorus Bennett, 1836. Prior important descriptions of Epomophorus are reviewed and current concepts of the generic characters relative rostrum length; relative palatal length; depression of postdental palate; palatal ridge pattern; and sexual dimorphism are modified. Of all problematical taxa within the genus type specimens have been examined. The following six species are retained: Epomophorus angolensis Gray, 1870; E. gambianus (Ogilby, 1835); E. grandis (Sanborn, 1950); E. labiatus (Temminck, 1837); E. minor Dobson, 1880; E. wahlbergi (Sundevall, 1846). On morphological and distributional grounds E. crypturus Peters, 1852 and E. pousarguesi Trouessart, 1904 are ranked as subspecies of E. gambianus. The holotype and only known adult specimens of E. reii Aellen, 1950 is considered an aberrant specimen of E. g. gambianus, and E. reii is synonymized with that species. On allometric grounds E. gambianus parvus Ansell, 1960 is considered a synonym of E. gambianus crypturus. Based on an examination of the type specimen, the skull of which is figured for the first time, arguments are put forward for a new concept of E. labiatus, deviating considerably from the standard set by Andersen in 1912. Its type locality is changed from "Sennar" into the original ""Abyssinia" again. E. anurus is synonymized with E. labiatus and denied the subspecific status granted to it by other authors. The geographical variation of size within E. wahlbergi is analyzed and as a result subspecific divisions on the basis of differences in size are rejected as untenable. Hence, E. wahlbergi haldemani (Hallowell, 1846) is considered a synonym of E. wahlbergi. As E. minor is apparently sympatric with E. labiatus in several areas, it is treated as specifically distinct from that species. It is made clear, nevertheless, that their mutual distinctness may not hold throughout their shared distribution area. Examination of the skull characters and soft palate has led to the transfer of Micropteropus grandis Sanborn, 1950 to the genus Epomophorus. The distribution patterns of all species are critically assessed and associated with the vegetation types distinguished by White (1983). For the first time, pan-African distribution maps, including many new records, are given for all species and subspecies.
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; Epomophorus angolensis; Epomophorus gambianus; Epomophorus grandis; Epomophorus labiatus; Epomophorus minor; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Micropteropus; Pteropodidae; revision; systematics; Vegetation; zoogeography

Three new bats for mainland Tanzania (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Kock, D.; Howell. K. M. (Senckenbergiana biol., 1988)
Rhinolophus blasii empusa, Rh. swinnyi (Rhinolophidae) and Laephotis wintoni (Vespertilionidae) are added to the bat fauna of mainland Tanzania. Measurements are given and the ranges of the species are mapped. The number of bat species presently known from Tanzania is 78.
Keywords: Chiroptera; distribution; East Africa; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Laephotis wintoni; Mammalia; maps; morphology; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii empusa; Rhinolophus swinnyi; species richness; systematics; Tanzania; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Thyroid hormones, testosterone, and estradiol-17â in plasma of Epomops franqueti (Tomes, 1860) (Chiroptera) in the rain forest of the equator - Ifuta, N. B.; Gevaerts, H.; Kühn, E. R. (General & Comparative Endocrinology, 1988)
Using Japanese catching nets a total of 77 males and 37 females of the fruit eating bat Epomops franqueti (Megachiroptera) were captured during a period of 1 year around Kisangani (Zaire). Adult males with white epaulets weighing 143 ± 3.6 g (18) had their testes present in the scrotum and higher plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and testosterone than adult males without epaulets and with abdominal testes (weight 107.5 ± 2.0 g (39)) or juveniles (72.7 ± 2.8 g (20)). Mean embryo weight of pregnant bats was 4.26 ±1.09 g (12) ranging from 1.8 to 14.8 g whereas body weight of mothers (+ embryos) was 117.0 ± 3.6 g (12). Body weight of nonpregnant bats was 107.3 ± 2.1 (10) and of female juveniles 74.6 ± 4.3 (15). Plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) were lowest in nonpregnant adults and comparable in juveniles and pregnant bats. No difference in plasma T4 concentrations was found between all groups. Estradiol-17â concentrations were three times higher in pregnant bats compared to nonpregnant ones or juveniles. A possible relationship between these high figures and elevated T3 values has been discussed.
Keywords: Central Africa; Chiroptera; Congo (Kinshasa); endocrinology; Epomops franqueti; hormones; Pteropodidae; reproduction

Vorkommen und relative Häufigkeiten von Säugetieren im Tai-Regenwald der Elfenbeinküste - Roth, H. H.; Merz, G. (Säugetierkdl. Mitt., 1988)
Keywords: Chiroptera; ecology; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Ivory Coast; Mammalia; Pteropodidae; rainforests; species abundance; West Africa; zoogeography

The baculum in the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the desriptions of a new genus and subgenus - Hill, J. Edwards; Harrison, D. L. (Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.), 1987)
Current classification of the Vespertilioninae rests chiefly on a suite of mainly adaptive characters, among which facial shortening throughout the subfamily with consequent changes in the structure, size, relative position and number of the incisive and premolar teeth features prominently. Such characters may not necessarily reflect relationships or phyletic diversity, and sometimes do not serve properly to distinguish the genera that they purport to define, as in the distinction of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, where generic boundaries remain unclear. The search for possibly less strongly adaptive features suggested the possibility that the morphology of the os penis or baculum might prove valuable in the study of the systematics of these genera and perhaps in the subfamily as a whole.This paper reviews earlier studies of the baculum in the Chiroptera and their relevance to systematics in the Order, with an examination of its gross morphology throughout the Vespertilioninae, especial attention being given to species currently allocated either to Pipistrellus or to Eptesicus. A synoptic review of the species content of these genera is presented, with the recognition and definition of subgenera and included species groups: three such (pumilus, capensis and tenuipinnis) currently referred to Eptesicus on dental grounds seem instead more closely related to Pipistrellus to which they are here transferred. One subgenus of Pipistrellus is described as new (p. 250).The Vespertilioninae as a whole display a wide range of bacular variation, which falls into two major and several minor groups. This has suggested a revision of the current classification of the subfamily, combining bacular features with those conventionally in use. Bacular morphology provides a clear indication that the ’Nycticeini’ (or ’Nycticeiini’) is an artificial grouping and that the genus Nycticeius as presently understood is composite. Currently it is held to include two species, the North American humeralis and the African schlieffenii: these are here thought to be sufficiently characterised to justify generic separation and a new generic name is proposed for schlieffenii (p. 254).A suggested classification of the subfamily is presented, with a tabulated review of earlier classifications; possible relationships between the constituent genera are discussed and the zoogeography of the bacular types within the subfamily is examined.
Keywords: Africa; Arielulus subgen. nov.; Asia; baculum; Chiroptera; distribution; Erstbeschreibung; Europe; evolution; Falsistrellus; Fledermäuse; Hypsugo; Mammalia; morphology; Neoromicia; Nycticeinops gen. nov.; Nycticeius; Os penis; Perimyotis; phylogeny; revision; Rhinopterus; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vespadelus; Vespertilionidae; zoogeography

Behavioral thermoregulation in the African yellow-winged bat - Vaughan, T. A. (J. Mamm., 1987)
The author observed five pairs of African yellow-winged bats (Lavia frons) in Kenya, East Africa, for 203 weeks each month. These monogamous bats are insectivorous and territorial. Pairs usually roosted by day in the crowns of Acacia tortilis, moved to different roost several times each day, and changed their roosting-site preferences seasonally. This report considers these movements in relation to seasonal changes in temperature, rainfall, and the phenology of A. tortilis.
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; day roosts; East Africa; Kenya; Lake Baringo; Lavia frons; Megadermatidae; physiology; roosting; seasonality; thermoregulation

The Crocodile Caves of Ankarana 1986. An Expedition to Study and Explore the Limestone Massif of Ankarana in Northern Madagascar - Wilson, J.; Chapman, P.; Walters, R. (Privately published report, 1987)
Keywords: Africa; archaeology; Aves; botany; caves; Chiroptera; conservation; Insecta; karst; Madagascar; Mammalia; Primates; Reptilia; survey; tsingy

The crocodile caves of Ankarana: Expedition to northern Madagascar, 1986. Bats - McHale, M. (Cave Science, 1987)
Keywords: [Mormopterus] Tadarida jugularis; Africa; caves; Chiroptera; day roosts; Eidolon helvum dupraneum [E. dupreanum]; Emballonura atrata; Emballonuridae; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros commersoni; Madagascar; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus inflatus africanus; Miniopterus minor manavi; Molossidae; Myotis goudoti; Pteropodidae; survey; Triaenops furculus; Triaenops persicus rufus; Vespertilionidae

The diet of the barn owl, Tyto alba (Scopoli), in Nairobi, Kenya - Gichuki, C. M. (Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museums, 1987)
The food of the barn owl, Tyto alba (Scopoli), was studied by the analysis of undigested remains of prey found in regurgitated pellets. About 1200 pellets were obtained from a nest site at Karen (36°12’E; 1°21’), in Nairobi, during the period January 1977-July 1979.Analysis of the skeletal remains found in the pellets revealed that rodents made up 63.8% of the diet, with the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis being the principal single species. Anurans made up 18.8%, crociduras 12.7% and birds 4.6% of the total prey items. Bats, lizards and invertebrates formed a minor proportion. Thus, diverse and varying quantities of non-rodent prey were taken by barn owls at Karen. Consequently, it appears that the owl would readily switch from the preferred rodent prey to other items during difficult periods. The owl seemed to be an opportunistic feeder with a relatively small hunting range and a preference for hunting in open habitats.
Keywords: Amphibia; Anura; Aves; Chiroptera; diet; East Africa; Kenya; Mammalia; predation; prey; Reptilia; Rodentia; Soricidae; Strigiformes; Tyto alba; Tytonidae

Etude du régime alimentaire de quelques espèces des Mégachiroptères de la région de Kisangani (Za{\"ıre) - Ifuta, N. B.; Katuala, G. B.; Bola, M. L. (Ann. Fac. Sci., Kisangani, 1987)
Keywords: Casinycteris argynnis; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Congo (Kinshasa); diet; Eidolon helvum; Epomophorus anurus [labiatus]; Epomops franqueti; food; frugivory; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Megaloglossus woermanni; Myonycteris torquata; plants; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus

Evidence of a harem social system in Hipposideros caffer (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) in Zimbabwe - Bell, G. P. (J. Trop. Ecol., 1987)
Harem-like mating systems have been documented for several neotropical bat species, including Artibeus jamaicensis (Morrison 1979, Morrison & Morrison 1981), and Phyllostomus hastatus (McCracken & Bradbury 1981). The factors determining the form of mating systems in mammals are not always clear, but both resource-defence and female-defence have been identified as factors in the dynamics of bat harem systems (see reviews in Bradbury 1977 and Kunz et al. 1983). Here the author reports on some limited observations of the social behaviour of a small African leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideridae) from Zimbabwe.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; social behaviour; Southern Africa; Zimbabwe

Field Guide to the Mammals of the Kruger National Park - Pienaar, U. d. V.; Joubert, S. C. J.; Hall-Martin, A.; de Graaff, G.; Rautenbach, I. L. (C. Struik Publishers, 1987)
Keywords: checklist; Chiroptera; distribution; Emballonuridae; Hipposideridae; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Molossidae; Nycteridae; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

First record of Miniopterus schreibersi (Kuhl 1819) (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from North Yemen with zoogeographical relationship evidenced by wing mites (Acarina: Spinturnicidae) - Nader, I. A.; Kock, D. (Senckenbergiana biol., 1987)
Miniopterus schreibersi is recorded for the first time from North Yemen. Because of slightly smaller measurements and geographical proximity the authors identify the SW-Arabian population as M. s. arenarius, described from E-Africa. For the first time Spinturnicidae as Spinturnix semilunaris. This is an Aethiopian faunal element, replaced by S. psi on M. s. pallidus in the Near East. This finding supports their classification of the SW-Arabian host population with the E-African subspecies, M. s. arenarius.
Keywords: Acari; Africa; Arabia; Chiroptera; distribution; ectoparasites; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; host-parasite relationships; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii arenarius; Miniopterus schreibersii pallidus; morphology; Palaearctic; parasitism; Spinturnicidae; Spinturnix psi; Spinturnix semilunaris; systematics; taxonomy; Verbreitung; Yemen

Foraging and habitat use by Nycteris grandis (Chiroptera: Nycteridae) in Zimbabwe - Fenton, M. B.; Cumming, D. H. M.; Hutton, J. M.; Swanepoel, C. M. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1987)
This study describes the foraging strategies, foraging areas, and roosts used by four female radio-tagged Nycteris grandis along the Zambezi River in Mana Pools National Park in Zimbabwe. The bats exhibited two foraging strategies, sometimes hunting from perches, other times flying continuously close to the ground. Some individuals used one strategy more than the other. During the study, the bats fed mainly on frogs, selecting only Ptychadena anchietae; they also took crickets, moths and cicadas. Each bat usually consumed two frogs each night and patterns of occupation of feeding perches suggest that their foraging efficiency was between 21 and 36%. The marked bats roosted in an old water tower or in a hollow Acacia albida. Four of five marked females were nursing young during this study.
Keywords: Amphibia; Anura; carnivory; Chiroptera; day roosts; diet; food; foraging; Insecta; Nycteridae; Nycteris grandis; perch hunting; radio-tracking; reproduction; Southern Africa; Zimbabwe

Micropteropus intermedius Hayman 1963 und andere Fledermäuse vom unteren Za{\"ıre (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Kock, D. (Senckenbergiana biol., 1987)
A fourth specimen is reported and additional measurements are given for a female Micropteropus intermedius from the mouth of Zaire River. The species is known only from moist savanna SW of the central African forest block. A last century bat collection from lower Zaire River is reviewed (with fixation of a paralectotype for Epomophorus zenkeri Matschie 1899) and an additional one listed in appendices. Additional material examined of M. pusillus is from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Ethiopia.
See Noack 1889
Keywords: [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Congo (Kinshasa); distribution; Epomops franqueti; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Mammalia; Megaloglossus woermanni; Micropteropus intermedius; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; Mops niveiventer; Pteropodidae; Scotophilus dinganii; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Nycteria medusiformis Garnham and Heisch, 1953: A malaria parasite of the Egyptian insectivorous bat, Taphozous perforatus - Morsy, T. A.; Khaled, M. L.; Bebars, M. A.; Ramadan, N. F.; Abdel Hamid, M. Y. (Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1987)
A malarian parasite belonging to the genus Nycteria was observed for the first time in the erythrocytes and liver parenchyma cells of the Egyptian insectivorous bat, Taphozous perforatus. Young and mature gametocytes were demonstrated in the erythrocytes. Both sexes of the gametocytes are similar in size, but the microgametocytes differ from the macrogametocytes in having filaments or flagella protruding onto the surface of infected host cells. The compact immature schizsots are spherical or oval with granular cytoplasm and several large nuclei. Growing schizonts have irregular outline, while mature schizonts possess surface indentations and lobulated contour. Comparison between this and the other malaria parasites found in bats confirms its identity to Nycteria medusiformis.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Egypt; Emballonuridae; endoparasites; malaria; North Africa; Nycteria; parasitism; Protozoa; Taphozous perforatus

Tadarida teniotis (Rafinesque, 1814): Zweiter Nachweis für Marokko, w-paläarktische Arealgrenzen und taxonomische Anmerkungen (Chiroptera: Molossidae) - Kock, D. (Z. Säugetierk., 1987)
Keywords: Arabia; Chiroptera; distribution; Europe; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Mammalia; Molossidae; Morocco; North Africa; Palaearctic; systematics; Tadarida teniotis; taxonomy

The Mammals of Nigeria - Happold, D. C. D. (Clarendon, 1987)
Keywords: behaviour; biodiversity; Chiroptera; communities; conservation; ecology; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; guilds; habitat preferences; Mammalia; morphology; Pteropodidae; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vegetation; West Africa; zoogeography

Morphology, echolocation and resource partitioning in insectivorous bats - Aldridge, H. D. J. N.; Rautenbach, I. L. (J. Anim. Ecol., 1987)
(1) Two hypotheses are tested in this paper: (i) wing morphology and echolocation-call ’design’ can determine foraging site selection and foraging behaviour in bats, (ii) echolocation-call ’design’ should be compatible with wing morphology (because some combinations of morphology and echolocation call would be maladaptive).(2) In support of our first hypothesis, significant correlations were established between wing morphology, echolocation call design, manoeuvrability and habitat use.(3) In support of our second hypothesis, significant correlations were established between those morphological parameters that improve manoeuvrability (low wingloading, low aspect ratio and high wingtip shape index) and echolocation calls that are resistant to acoustic clutter in support of our second hypothesis.(4) There was an association between foraging habitat and diet: bats that fed in the same habitats tended to take the same types of prey, while species foraging in different habitats had significantly different diets.(5) There was also a significant correlation between prey and predator size; large bats took insects over a range of sizes while small bats fed only on small prey.
Keywords: behaviour; Beuteortung; Beutespektrum; biodiversity; Chiroptera; communities; diet; echolocation; ecology; Emballonuridae; feeding habits; Fledermäuse; food distribution; foraging; guilds; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Hipposideros commersoni [vittatus]; Kruger National Park; Mammalia; Molossidae; Mops midas; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; Neoromicia capensis; Neoromicia nana; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; Pafuri area; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus landeri; Rhinolophus swinnyi; Scotophilus borbonicus; Scotophilus dinganii; South Africa; species richness; sympatric; Tadarida fulminans; Taphozous mauritianus; Vegetation; Vespertilionidae

New mammal records for the Karoo National Park, with notes on several other species - Stuart, C. T.; Stuart, T. D.; Braack, H. H. (Koedoe, 1987)
Five species of mammal are recorded for the first time in the Karoo National Park: Suncus varilla, Nycteris thebaica, Aethomys granti, Petromyscus collinus and Desmodillus auricularis. The presence of a golden mole, Chrysochloridae, is noted. Notes on three previously recorded species are presented.
Keywords: Aonyx capensis; Canidae; Carnivora; Chiroptera; Cricetidae; Desmodillus auricularis; Diospyros lycioides; distribution; frugivory; Mammalia; Muridae; Mustelidae; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Otocyon megalotis; Petromyscus collinus; Rattus granti; Rodentia; Soricidae; Soricomorpha; South Africa; Suncus varilla

Notes sur quelques chauves-souris du Burkina - Aulagnier, S.; Coquillart, H.; Thonnérieux, Y.; Garcin, R. (Science et Technique, 1987)
Keywords: [Nycticeinops schlieffenii] Nycticeius schlieffeni; Burkina Faso; Chiroptera; ecology; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Mammalia; morphology; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica [N. macrotis]; Scotophilus leucogaster; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; West Africa

Observations on mating behaviour in the common slit-faced bat Nycteris thebaica - Lindeque, M. (Madoqua, 1987)
Precopulatory and copulatory sequences of mating behaviour are described in a microchiropteran bat. After a brief period of courtship, copulation occurs in flight with both bats hovering. Copulation is of short duration and is repeated up to three times.
Keywords: Chiroptera; copulation; Etosha National Park; flight; Namibia; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Southern Africa

Observations on the activity patterns of the lesser yellow house bat, Scotophilus viridis - Cotterill, F. P. D.; Giddings, S. R. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1987)
The activity patterns of the lesser yellow house bat, Scotophilus viridis, were observed during December 1984. Whilst the activity patterns of the species as a whole were in agreement with published data, significant differences between the activity patterns of males and females were found. The majority of females were active between 19h00 and 21h00, whilst the activity of males peaked between 21h00 and 22h00.
Keywords: activity patterns; Chiroptera; Scotophilus viridis; sex differences; Southern Africa; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe

Opportunistic predation on alate termites in Kenya - Dial, K. P.; Vaughan, T. A. (Biotropica, 1987)
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; East Africa; feeding; foraging; Insecta; Isoptera; Lavia frons; Macrotermes subhyalinus; Mammalia; mating flights; Megadermatidae; nuptial flights; predation pressure; Reptilia

Other bat species in maternity caves occupied by Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis - van der Merwe, M. (S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 1987)
During visits to known maternity caves of Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis in the Transvaal (where vast numbers of females arrive seasonally to give birth and suckle their young), it has become apparent that these caves are not frequently used by other species during those periods when large numbers of M. s. natalensis females are present.
Keywords: caves; Chiroptera; climate; Cloeotis percivali; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus natalensis; Myotis tricolor; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus simulator; seasonality; South Africa; temperature; Vespertilionidae

Parental behavior in the African yellow-winged bat (Lavia frons) - Vaughan, T. A.; Vaughan, R. P. (J. Mamm., 1987)
The parental behavior of five monogamous pairs of African yellow-winged bats (Lavia frons) was observed in Kenya. Each female bore a single young, which clung to its mother continuously until about one week before it first flew and foraged. Newly volant young foraged with their parents and soon developed foraging performance that closely resembled that of their parents. Young were weaned about 20 days after becoming volant. Until at least 50 days after its first flight, each young shared its parents’ territory, synchronized its grooming and foraging periods with those of its parents, and periodically huddled against its mother when roosting. Recurring but unpredictable periods of low insect density have seemingly selected for an extended period of parent-young association, during which the young become skilled opportunistic foragers.
Keywords: activity patterns; behaviour; Chiroptera; day roosts; diet; East Africa; ecology; Fledermäuse; food distribution; foraging; habitat preferences; insectivory; Kenya; Lavia frons; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; monogamy; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; opportunistic feeder; parental care; reproduction; roosting behaviour; seasonality; social behaviour; social organization; territoriality; Vegetation

Polyoestry and postpartum oestrus in Tadarida (Chaerephon) pumila (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in northern Ghana, West Africa - McWilliam, A. N. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1987)
Keywords: Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; Ghana; Molossidae; reproduction; West Africa

Post-partum oestrus in the little free-tailed bat, Tadarida (Chaerephon) pumila (Microchiroptera: Molossidae) at 24°S - van der Merwe, M.; Giddings, S. R.; Rautenbach, I. L. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1987)
Tadarida pumila exhibits post-partum oestrus in the sub-tropical latitudes of Southern Africa. Females nursing their first young of the season were either pregnant or had large Graafian follicles in their right ovaries. Further evidence that ovulation occurs soon after parturition was found in the ovaries, where follicles were developing alongside the corpora lutea of pregnancy. The latter indicates that oestrus occurs following parturition. Furthermore, as opposed to the first pregnancy of the season, the development of the endometrium was found to be less complete in the two subsequent pregnancies of that particular season. This is interpreted as being related to the very short interval between parturition and the following conception.
Keywords: Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; Molossidae; ovulation; parturition; polyoestry; post-partum oestrus; reproduction; seasonality; South Africa

Predation on bats by Maroccan owls - Aulagnier, S. (Abstract 4th European Bat Res. Symposium, 1987)
Keywords: Asellia tridens; Aves; Beutespektrum; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; Eptesicus serotinus [isabellinus]; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Mammalia; Morocco; Myotis blythii [punicus]; Nahrung; Nahrungswahl; North Africa; Pipistrellus kuhlii; predation pressure; prey selection; species richness; Strigiformes; Vespertilionidae

Reproduction in Schieffen’s bat, Nycticeius schlieffenii, in the eastern Transvaal lowveld, South Africa - van der Merwe, M.; Rautenbach, I. L. (J. Reprod. Fert., 1987)
The present study is based on 153 Schlieffen’s bats collected over a 2-year period from September 1983 to September 1985. Spermatogenesis extends over a 10-month period with the first signs of spermatozoa in the epididymides by the end of April. Spermatozoa were present in the epididymides from the end of April until the beginning of September. Copulation begins during June (early winter) and the females have spermatozoa in the uterine horns from then until the end of August (late winter) when ovulation occurs. These bats are seasonally monoestrous with the great majority of births occurring during November. The number of conceptuses varied; a maximum of 5 pre-implanted embryos was recorded, but the maximum number of fetuses observed was 3.
Keywords: Chiroptera; fertilization; gametogenesis; litter size; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; ovarian cycle; ovulation; reproduction; South Africa; spermatogenesis; Vespertilionidae

Reproductive cycles of East African bats - Okia, N. O. (J. Mamm., 1987)
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; Entebbe Peninsula; Megaloglossus woermanni; Micropteropus pusillus; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Scotophilus dinganii; twins; Uganda; Vespertilionidae

Respiratory allergy to inhaled bat guano - El-Ansary, E. H.; Gordon, D. J.; Tee, R. D.; Newman Taylor, A. J. (Lancet, 1987)
In the Sudan many asthmatic patients attribute their symptoms to inhalation of bat droppings. Design of the roofs of many Sudanese buildings allows black bats to roost; guano drops through cracks in the ceiling into the rooms below where it can be inhaled and cause allergic respiratory disorders. Seven atopic patients seen at Sennar Hospital with bat-related case-histories were investigated. Six had bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis and one had asthma alone. Extracts of yellow hairy bat, black bat, and bat droppings were made. All seven patients had a positive skin prick test and specific IgE antibodies (RAST) to bat droppings. Three patients also had a positive RAST to both yellow and black bats and one patient to yellow bat. Droppings are probably the major allergen source in bat-related respiratory allergy.
Keywords: Chaerephon major; Chiroptera; day roosts; guano; humans; Molossidae; Northeast Africa; respiratory diseases; roofs; Sudan

The role of prey-generated sounds, vision, and echolocation in prey localization by the African bat, Cardioderma cor (Megadermatidae) - Ryan, M. J.; Tuttle, M. D. (J. Comp. Physiol. A, 1987)
Cardioderma cor responded with head movements and flight toward speakers broadcasting calls of frogs and crickets which contained only sonic frequencies. Prey were presented such that their movements initially generated sounds, but then the prey moved onto the water layer of the glass sheet and sounds were eliminated. The bats emitted echolocation signals while hunting in this situation. The results demonstrate the importance of passive hearing for prey localization in this bat, and further suggest that when prey-generated sounds and echolocation signals offer conflicting information the bat’s behavior is guided by the former.
Keywords: Anura; behaviour; Beutespektrum; Cardioderma cor; Chiroptera; diet; East Africa; echolocation; ecology; feeding habits; Fledermäuse; foraging; frog calls; Kenya; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; predation; prey detection; prey selection

Scent-dispersing hairs (osmetrichia) in some Pteropodidae and Molossidae (Chiroptera) - Hickey, M. B. C.; Fenton, M. B. (J. Mamm., 1987)
Keywords: Aethalops alecto; Chaerephon chapini; Chaerephon major; Chaerephon nigeriae; Chaerephon pumilus; chemical communication; Chiroptera; Eonycteris spelaea; Epomophorus anurus [labiatus]; Epomops franqueti; Lissonycteris angolensis; Molossidae; Mops condylurus; Myonycteris torquata; Ptenochirus jagori; Pteropodidae; smell

Significance of the mandible and dentition in the identification of Microchiroptera from Egypt - Madkour, G. A. (Zool. Anz., 1987)
Keywords: Chiroptera; dentition; Egypt; mandible; morphology; North Africa; teeth

Some new species of Haplotaxidae (Oligochaeta) from Guinea and remarks on the history of the family - Omodeo, P. (Hydrobiologia, 1987)
Three new species of Haplotaxidae collected by Dr. A. Villiers in a cave near Kindia, Guinea, are described. One species belongs to the genus Metataxis Righi, 1985 (M. carnivorus sp. nov.) which is distributed in Western Africa and Eastern America. Another new species is similar to Lycodrilus kraepelini Michaelsen, 1914 incertae sedis: a new genus Villiersia is proposed for both species (V. guanivora sp. nov., V. kraepelini nov. comb.). A third species, of which only immature specimens are available, is tentatively attributed to the genus Haplotaxis: it is remarkable because of its peculiar setae and commissural vessels (H. villiersi sp. nov.). The three species appear to feed on bat guano and, occasionally, on aquatic arthropods. Metataxis, Tiguassu and Villiersia belong to the section of Haplotaxidae endowed with paired sperm sacs and ovisacs. The relations of Haplotaxidae with other families are discussed and it is suggested that the passage from the haplotaxid condition to that of sparganophilids and more advanced lumbriciforms is connected to a change of reproductive strategy and to an enhanced metabolism.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Segea cave near Kindia; West Africa

Systematics of African bats of the genus Eptesicus (Mammalia: Vespertilionidae). 2. Karyotypes of African species and their generic relationships - McBee, K.; Schlitter, D. A.; Robbins, R. L. (Ann. Carn. Mus., 1987)
{Bats of the genus Eptesicus are characterized by extreme consistency in karyotypes. All species of Eptesicus for which karyotypes have been reported have 2n = 50
Keywords: [Neoromicia brunnea] Eptesicus brunneus; [Neoromicia somalica] Eptesicus somalicus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus rendalli; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus tenuipinnis; Africa; Cameroon; Chiroptera; chromosomes; cytogenetics; distribution; evolution; Fledermäuse; karyotypes; Mammalia; morphology; Neoromicia; Pipistrellus; Somalia; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Territorial and pair behaviour of the African false vampire bat, Cardioderma cor (Chiroptera: Megadermatidae), in coastal Kenya - McWilliam, A. N. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1987)
Cardioderma hangs from habitual perches to wait for mainly terrestrial prey. Their broad wings provide the lift at low speeds necessary to capture such prey from the ground. Male-female pairs were found in the long dry season, a period when reduced insect availability led to lower body weights and males used song to delineate their feeding territories. Males moved between perches more frequently during the first half-hour of nightly singing. An enlargement of foraging area was associated with earlier singing, as well as an increase in song rate, movement between perches and pair contact-vocalizations. Females are larger than males and the sex ratio favoured the latter. There was evidence of long-term territories and breeding throughout the year. These results are discussed in relation to pair-bonding and environmental seasonality.
Keywords: Cardioderma cor; Chiroptera; East Africa; Kenya; mating systems; Megadermatidae; monogamy; perch-hunting; social behaviour

The type locality of Pipistrellus (Romicia) kuhlii broomi Roberts, 1948 (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) - Smithers, R. H. N.; Meester, J.; Rautenbach, I. L. (Mammalia, 1987)
Keywords: [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; Chiroptera; Pipistrellus kuhlii broomi [hesperidus]; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

Annual life cycle of cave bats in northern Algeria - Kowalski, K.; Gaisler, J.; Bessam, H.; Issaad, C.; Ksantini, H. (Acta theriol., 1986)
The dynamics of bat populations in caves of northern Algeria were studied between 1978 and 1983. The 10 species represented were: Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. mehelyi, R. blasii, R. euryale, R. hipposideros, Myotis blythi, M. emarginatus, M. nattereri, M. capaccinii and Miniopterus schreibersi. Detailed reproductive data, including histological examination of reproductive organs, were obtained for R. mehelyi and M. blythi during a part of the annual cycle. All species examined except Miniopterus schreibersi reach their southern limits of distribution in Algeria. The duration of hibernation was shorter in Algeria than in Europe, but the reproductive cycle was similar in that insemination took place in autumn and fertilization in spring. Parturition occurred earlier than in European populations of the same species. Observations were made on the choice of roosts, formation of intra- and interspecific associations, as well as individual and geographic variation in dates of parturition. The tendency of M. blythi to form harems during the mating season was noted.
Keywords: Algeria; Chiroptera; day roosts; ecology; hibernation; histology; mating systems; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersi; Myotis capaccinii; Myotis emarginatus; Myotis nattereri; Myotis punicus; North Africa; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus euryale; Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; Rhinolophus hipposideros; Rhinolophus mehelyi; Vespertilionidae

Bat research in western Cameroon - Fedden, M. O.; Macleod, H. L. (Conservation of Cameroon Montane Forests, 1986)
Report of the ICBP Cameroon Montane Forest Survey, November 1983 - April 1984
Keywords: behaviour; biodiversity; Cameroon; Central Africa; Chiroptera; communities; conservation; diet; distribution; ecology; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Hangplätze; Mammalia; morphology; Pteropodidae; reproduction; roosting behaviour; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vegetation; Verbreitung

Biogeografia dei Chirotteri italiani - Lanza, B.; Finotello, P. L. (Boll. Mus. reg. Sci. nat. Torino, 1986)
The Italian bat fauna (30 or 31 species) has a generally palearctic facies, predominated by fundamentally Eurasiatic (48.38%) and European (32.25%) components. Also present is a strictly Mediterranean (9.67%) group, and one (10%) with two basically Ethiopian species, more (Pipistrellus kuhli) or less (Rhinolophus blasii) spreading in the Mediterranean Subregion, and one subcosmopolitan species (Miniopterus schreibersi) ranging throughout Africa as well. The scarce paleontological evidence available seems to indicate that the recent chiropterological population of Italy, and Europe in general, dates back essentially to the Pliocene and especially to the Quaternary.
Keywords: Chiroptera; distribution; Eurasia; Europe; Fledermäuse; Italy; Mammalia; Mediterranean; Palaearctic; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Verbreitung; zoogeography

Brown adipose tissue as a nutrient source in the fruit bat, Eidolon helvum - Okon, E. E.; Ngaha, M. C. (Myotis, 1986)
Keywords: activity patterns; behaviour; brown adipose tissue; Chiroptera; diet; Eidolon helvum; enzymes; Mammalia; metabolism; Nahrung; Nigeria; physiology; Pteropodidae; West Africa

Catalogue des Mammifères Sauvages du Maroc - Aulagnier, S.; Thevenot, M. (Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed V, 1986)
The introduction describes the evolution of knowledge concerning wild mammals in Morocco. Species ’status and distributions have been established by examining available literature, studying museums’ collection records particularly those of the Scientific Institute in Rabat and the. Smithsonian Institution in Washington, using the results of the authors’ personal observations (e.g. trapping and examining owl pellets) and utilizing numerous observations supplied by interested individuals and groups (listed on page 6).The catalogue contains 11 orders illustrating 109 land species: 39 native contemporary, 6 extinct, 3 introduced and 7 of indeterminate status. The 15 marine mammal species (Cetacea) which have been observed along the Moroccan coasts are listed, though their status are not mentioned.For each order a short introduction and an identification key are given, after which species are presented according to Corbet’s systematic nomenclature (1978). Species information includes brief morphological description, dental, formulae, some body and cranial measurements, global and Moroccan distributions, some biological information on the habits and habitats of the animals found in Morocco.For all contemporary species a map of Morocco gridded corresponding to 1.100.000 scale topographic maps is used to show distribution. Each grid block is about 50 km x 50 km.A complete bibliography which contains nearly 500 references is included. The Scientific Institute of Rabat’s collection of over 1000 specimens belonging to 80 species is also listed.
Keywords: [Hypsugo] Pipistrellus savii; Asellia tridens diluta; Aves; Barbastella barbastellus; Chiroptera; day roosts; distribution; Emballonuridae; Eptesicus serotinus isabellinus; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer tephrus; Mammalia; maps; Mauritania; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersi; Molossidae; Morocco; museum catalogue; museum collections; Myotis blythi oxygnathus [punicus]; Myotis capaccinii; Myotis emarginatus; Myotis mystacinus; Myotis nattereri; North Africa; Nyctalus lasiopterus; Nyctalus leisleri; Nyctalus noctula; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Otonycteris hemprichi; Pipistrellus kuhli; Pipistrellus pipistrellus; Pipistrellus rueppelli [rueppellii]; Plecotus austriacus christei [gaisleri]; predation; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus euryale; Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; Rhinolophus hipposideros; Rhinolophus mehelyi; Rhinopoma hardwickei cystops; Rhinopoma microphyllum; Rhinopomatidae; Strigiformes; Tadarida teniotis; Taphozous nudiventris; Vespertilionidae

Classification of Southern African mammals - Meester, J. A. J.; Rautenbach, I. L.; Dippenaar, N. J.; Baker, C. M. (Transvaal Museum Monograph, 1986)
Keywords: Chiroptera; Mammalia; Southern Africa; systematics; taxonomy

A comparison of the roosting and foraging behaviour of three species of African insectivorous bats (Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, and Molossidae) - Fenton, M. B.; Rautenbach, I. L. (Can. J. Zool., 1986)
We used radio tracking to study the roosting and foraging behavior of Rhinolophus hildebrandti, Scotophilus borbonicus (=S. viridis and S. leucogaster), and Tadarida midas in the Pafuri Region of Kruger National Park, South Africa in November 1985. Although the species roosted in different locations (S. borbonicus in hollow mopane trees, R. hildebrandti in a hollow baobab tree, and T. midas in buildings), roost temperatures and the bats’ body temperatures were generally similar. The S. borbonicus and T. midas flew continuously while foraging in pursuit of flying prey; the R. hildebrandti switched between continuous flight, and hunting from a perch also in pursuit of flying prey. All three species foraged for about 60 min nightly, but the T. midas ventured at least 10 km from their roosts, while for S. borbonicus and R. hildebrandti, comparable figures were 4 and 2 km, respectively. The three species showed a spectrum of wing morphology and echolocation call design features from clutter resistant (R. hildebrandti) to relatively clutter resistant (S. borbonicus) and clutter intolerant (T. midas) and the foraging areas used by the bats corresponded to these features. Rhinolophus hildebrandti foraged below the canopy in riverine forest and deciduous woodland, while S. borbonicus foraged around the canopy but not closer than 0.5 m to it, while T. midas foraged in the open well above the canopy. These differences are discussed along with variations in foraging behavior in insectivorous bats.
Keywords: activity patterns; Africa; behaviour; body temperature; Chiroptera; day roosts; ecology; Fledermäuse; foraging; habitat preferences; Kruger National Park; Mammalia; Molossidae; Mops midas; morphology; radio-tracking; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; roosting behaviour; Scotophilus borbonicus; South Africa; sympatric; telemetry; Vegetation; Vespertilionidae

Données préliminaires sur la reproduction d’Epomops franqueti (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) recoltées à Kisangani et environs - Ifuta, N. B.; Gevaerts, H. (Ann. Fac. Sci., Kisangani, 1986)
Keywords: Central Africa; Chiroptera; Congo (Kinshasa); Epomops franqueti; Pteropodidae; reproduction

An experimental study of seed ingestion and germination in a plant-animal assemblage in Ghana - Lieberman, M.; Lieberman, D. (J. Trop. Ecol., 1986)
Fleshy fruits collected from abundant woody plants on the Accra Plains, Ghana, were fed to frugivorous species common in the area. Seeds of each plant species were retrieved from each frugivore species for germination trials, and ingested seeds compared to fresh seeds in germination percentage and rapidity. Altogether 85 plant x animal feeding combinations were attempted. In 73% of trials, ingestion did not affect germination percentage; the remaining trials were about equally divided between significant increases and decreases. Ingested seeds had significantly faster germination in 12%, and significantly slower germination in 8%, of the trials. Germination percentages in all samples of fresh seeds (x = 37%) did not differ significantly from those ingested seeds (x = 31%). There was a significant association between the effect of ingestion on both germination rapidity and percentage (significantly increased, decreased, or neither) and the plant species involved; there was no such association between the effect of ingestion and the animal species. Animals had inconsistent and frequently negligible effects on germination. Two-way analyses of variance (plants x animals) of germination percentage and of germination improvement showed that plant species were a significant source of variation and animal species were not. The fleshy-fruited plants of this assemblage are not generally dependent upon animals for successful germination of their seeds.
Keywords: Accra Plains; animal-plant interactions; Annonaceae; Apocynaceae; Aves; Azadirachta indica; behaviour; Boraginaceae; Byrsocarpus coccineus; Capparaceae; Capparis erythrocarpos; Carissa edulis; Chiroptera; Clausena anisata; Connaraceae; diet; ecology; Ehretia cymosa; Eidolon helvum; Epomophorus gambianus; Euphorbiaceae; feeding habits; Flacourtia flavescens; Flacourtiaceae; frugivory; germination rates; Ghana; Hoslundia opposita; Labiatae; Lantana camara; Mammalia; Meliaceae; Nahrung; Nauclea latifolia; plants; Premna quadrifolia; Primates; Pteropodidae; Rauvolfia canescens; reproduction; Rubiaceae; Rutaceae; Securinega virosa; seed dispersal; Solanaceae; Solanum anomalum; Uvaria ovata; Vegetation; Verbenaceae; Vitex doniana; West Africa

First records of five species of insectivorous bats from the Kruger National Park - Rautenbach, I. L.; Fenton, M. B.; Braack, L. E. O. (Koedoe, 1986)
Five species of insectivorous bats are reported for the first time from the Kruger National Park. One of these, Pipistrellus anchietai, represents a new record for the southern African subregion, and two species, Laephotis botswanae and Nycteris woodi are recorded for the first time for the Republic of South Africa. The remaining two species, Eptesicus melckorum and Tadarida ansorgei are first records of occurrence for the Transvaal. The species richness of the bat fauna of the Kruger National Park, and particularly of the Pafuri area, is reviewed.
Keywords: Chaerephon ansorgei; Chiroptera; distribution; Laephotis botswanae; Molossidae; Neoromicia melckorum; Nycteridae; Nycteris woodi; Pipistrellus anchietae; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

Flight physiology of intermediate-sized fruit bats (Pteropodidae) - Carpenter, R. E. (J. Exp. Biol., 1986)
Up to eight physiological parameters were measured on members of four species of fruit bats with a size range of 0.188-0.650 kg as they flew in a wind tunnel. Regression lines were calculated for the relationships between body masses of bats and their power inputs (Pi), heart and respiratory rates. These were compared to similar relationships for flying birds.Respiratory evaporation dissipated only 10% of the heat produced. At ambient temperatures (Ta) above 15°C, heat loss was facilitated by vasodilation of feet and wing membranes, but this mechanism became less effective at high Ta when thermal differential between wings and air was reduced. Bats are apparently unable to increase greatly their respiratory evaporation, and overheated at Ta of 25-30°C. At low Ta, the flight ability of two bats was reduced, suggesting that reduced coordination or even freezing of wings might be a general problem for bats flying at Ta close to 0°C.The endurance of three bats was so much greater near the middle of their speed ranges that the maximum flight distances ought to be achieved at these velocities, even though the cost of transport would be lower at higher speeds. Endurance at an airspeed was proportional to the relative power input (Pi/Pi,min) raised to the power of -7.45; flying at a speed that raised P/Pi,min by 10 % reduced endurance by half.
Keywords: Africa; Australia; body temperature; Chiroptera; circulatory system; Eidolon helvum; flight; Gabon; Hypsignathus monstrosus; metabolic rate; oxygen consumption; physiology; Pteropodidae; Pteropus poliocephalus; respiration; Rousettus aegyptiacus

Gentle fliers of the African night - Tuttle, M. D. (National Geographic, 1986)
Keywords: animal-plant interactions; Chiroptera; conservation; courtship behaviour; East Africa; ecology; Epomophorus gambianus; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Kenya; pollination; Pteropodidae; seed dispersal

Hipposideros caffer (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) in Zimbabwe: Morphology and echolocation calls - Fenton, M. B. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1986)
The results of this study of morphological variation and variation in echolocation calls indicate that only specimens with narrow lateral nasal inflations (=Hipposideros caffer) have been reported from Zimbabwe to date. In both Zambia and Mocambique, single localities yielded both specimens with narrow or wide lateral nasal inflations (nominally, H. caffer and H. ruber, respectively). There are significant differences in echolocation calls between one site in Zimbabwe and another near the Zimbabwe-South Africa border that are not paralleled by significant morphological differences.
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; echolocation; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros ruber; Mammalia; sibling species; Southern Africa; sympatric; systematics; taxonomy; Zimbabwe

Rhinopoma hardwickii and Rhinopoma muscatellum - Qumsiyeh, M. B.; Jones jr., J. K. (Mammalian Species, 1986)
Keywords: Africa; Asia; behaviour; Chiroptera; distribution; ecology; Fledermäuse; morphology; review; Rhinopoma hardwickii; Rhinopoma muscatellum; Rhinopomatidae; systematics; taxonomy

Isolation and properties of creatine kinase from the breast muscle of tropical fruit bat, Eidolon helvum (Kerr) - Afolayan, A.; Daini, O. A. (Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 1986)
1. Creatine kinase, from fruit bat breast muscle, has been purified to homogeneity.2. The mol. wt of the enzyme was estimated to be about 78,000-80,000 with two subunits of 42,500.3. There are nine thiol residues/mol of the enzyme and two of these react readily with DTNB leading to total inactivation of the enzyme.4. The metal ion specificity was in order Mg2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+.5. Initial velocity and product inhibition studies of the reverse reaction are consistent with sequential reaction but of either rapid equilibrium random or ordered type.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Nigeria; Pteropodidae; West Africa

Karyotypes of eleven species of molossid bats from Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Smith, S. A.; Bickham, J. W.; Schlitter, D. A. (Ann. Carn. Mus., 1986)
Standard karyotypic data are reported for 11 species of mollossid bats collected from Somalia and Cameroun, Africa. Chromosomal data are reported for the first time for Chaerephon ansorgei, C. aloysiisabaudiae, Mops midas, M. spurrelli, M. thersites, M. brachypterus, M. petersoni, M. demonstrator, and M. nanulus (all were formerly members of the genus Tadarida) Karyotypes for two of the species we examined have been reported previously. Although our data corroborate the karyotype of C. pumila described by Dulic and Mutere (1973), our karyotypic analysis of M. condylurus differs substantially from that presented by these authors. In addition to these data, we provide a summary of the available karyotypic data for molossid bats studied to date.
Keywords: Africa; Cameroon; Chaerephon aloysiisabaudiae; Chaerephon ansorgei; Chiroptera; chromosomes; cytogenetics; evolution; Fledermäuse; karyotypes; Mammalia; Molossidae; Mops brachypterus; Mops demonstrator; Mops midas; Mops nanulus; Mops petersoni; Mops spurrelli; Mops thersites; phylogeny; Somalia; speciation; species richness; systematics; taxonomy

Kasokero virus: A new human pathogen from bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Uganda - Kalunda, M.; Mukwaya, L. G.; Mukuye, A.; Lule, M.; Sekyalo, E.; Wright, J.; Casals, J. (Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1986)
Two virus strains were isolated by mouse inoculation from blood of Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit-eating bats collected from Kasokero Cave in Uganda. Shortly after these strains were introduced in the laboratory, four additional strains were recovered from laboratory workers who had developed mild to severe illnesses presumably as a result of laboratory infection. Serological studies established that these six isolates are strains of the same virus. Serological tests showed also that this virus is related to Yogue, an unclassified virus.
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; infectious diseases; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Uganda; virology

Mites of the genus Binuncus Radford (Trombidiformes, Myobiidae) and information on host taxonomy deduced from them - Uchikawa, K. (J. Parasitol., 1986)
Mites of the genus Binuncus, taken from museum specimens of Megachiroptera, were studied. Nine new species [B. myonycteris, B. lissonycteris, B. scotonycteris, B. epomopsi, B. hypsignathis, B. chironaxi, B. thoopteris, B. haplonycteris, B. sphaeriasi], a Binuncus (Binuncus) magnus [nom. nov.] complex and host records for 5 known species are presented. A total of 20 species and the species complex were divided into 4 groups by differences in the morphology of the male genital shields. Binuncus (Binuncus) jamesoni (Hiregaudar and Bal) and Binuncus (Binuncus) eonycteris Uchikawa, Harada, Yenbutra and Ohtani were regarded as being the most primitive. Binuncus (Binuncus) magnus (Radford) and others in the complex, and Binuncus (Binuncus) eidoloni Fain presumably stemmed from ancestors similar to the "primitive" species. All the 7 Ethiopian species of Binuncus other than Binuncus (Binuncus) rousetti Fain and B. (B.) eidoloni are also thought to have been derived from the same stock. The remaining 7 species of the subgenera Binuncus and Probinuncus, which are distributed in the Oriental and Australasian regions, possess genital shields of a type that is considered to have evolved from that commonly found in B. (B.) magnus and its relatives as well as B. (B.) eidoloni. This group also includes all species of the genus Pteropimyobia Fain regardless of striking morphological differences in structures on leg I. The relationships among the mites are thought to parallel those of their hosts, and a phylogeny of Megachiroptera is proposed based on the myobiid mites known to parasitize them.
Keywords: Acerodon jubatus; Acerodon lucifer; Africa; Angola; Asia; Binuncus chironaxi sp. nov.; Binuncus epomopsi sp. nov.; Binuncus haplonycteris sp. nov.; Binuncus hypsignathis sp. nov.; Binuncus lissonycteris sp. nov.; Binuncus myonycteris sp. nov.; Binuncus scotonycteris sp. nov.; Binuncus sphaeriasi sp. nov.; Binuncus thoopteris sp. nov.; Cameroon; Chironax melanocephalus; Chiroptera; Egypt; Epomops franqueti; evolution; Haplonycteris fischeri; host-parasite coevolution; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Ivory Coast; Liberia; Lissonycteris angolensis; Mammalia; Micropteropus pusillus; Myonycteris torquata; Nanonycteris veldkampii; Neopteryx frosti; parasites; Penthetor lucasi; phylogeny; Ptenochirus jagori; Pteralopex atrata; Pteropodidae; Pteropus scapulatus; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Rousettus amplexicaudatus; Scotonycteris ophiodon; Sphaerias blanfordi; Styloctenium wallacei; Sudan; taxonomy; Thoopterus nigrescens

Multiple births in Schlieffen’s bat, Nycticeius schlieffenii (Peters, 1859) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the southern African subregion - van der Merwe, M.; Rautenbach, I. L. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1986)
Nycticeius schlieffenii is a monestrous species that breeds during the spring months in the northern parts of the Kruger National Park. During spring 1983 the average number of corpora lutea in 11 Nycticeius schlieffenii females was 3.1 (range 1-4), with the average number of fetuses recorded 2.8. In the present study this bat has been found to be a polyovular seasonal breeder, giving birth to as many as three young per estrous cycle.
Keywords: [Nycticeinops] Nycticeius schlieffenii; Chiroptera; histology; litter size; number of offspring; reproduction; South Africa; Vespertilionidae

A new technique for the efficient use of macro-mistnets - Rautenbach, I. L. (Koedoe, 1986)
A cheap and simple method of adapting yacht masts to allow quick and efficient stringing and versatile manipulation of a 6.0 x 30.0 metre macro-mistnet, is described.
Keywords: Chiroptera; methods; mist nets; techniques

Note sur la présence d’Otonycteris hemprichi Peters, 1859 au Maroc - Aulagnier, S.; Mein, P. (Mammalia, 1986)
Keywords: Aves; Bubo ascalaphus; Chiroptera; distribution; Morocco; North Africa; Otonycteris hemprichii; predation; Strigiformes; Vespertilionidae

Note sur les mammifères des environs de l’embouchure de l’oued Massa - Aulagnier, S.; Thevenot, M. (Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, Rabat, 1986)
Mammals o f the river Massa mouth. A project to establish a National Park in southern Morocco, at Massa near Agadir gives the authors the opportunity to draw up a preliminary inventory of the mammals living in the area.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer [tephrus]; Mammalia; Morocco; North Africa; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Souss-Massa National Park

Notes d’écologie, principalement des mammifères, du Mont Nimba (Liberia) - Verschuren, J. (Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg.: Biol., 1986)
Keywords: biodiversity; Chiroptera; climate; ecology; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; geography; habitat preferences; Liberia; Mammalia; Mount Nimba; Pteropodidae; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; West Africa; zoogeography

Notes on bats (Mammalia: Microchiroptera) found in the Taung district, Bophuthatswana, South Africa - James, D. K. (Bull. zool. Mus. Univ. Amsterdam, 1986)
Notes are published on a small collection of Microchiroptera from the Taung district, Bophuthatswana, in the Republic of South Africa, consisting of specimens of the following species: Rhinolophus denti, Rhinolophus cf. capensis, Nycteris thebaica, Eptesicus hottentotus, Eptesicus capensis, Miniopterus schreibersii, and Tadarida aegyptiaca.
Keywords: [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; Chiroptera; day roosts; distribution; ecology; Eptesicus hottentotus; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; Molossidae; morphology; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; Rhinolophus denti; roosting behaviour; South Africa; species richness; systematics; Tadarida aegyptiaca; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Notes on bats of Sudan - McLellan, L. J. (Am. Mus. Novitates, 1986)
Based upon recent collections of bats from Bahr-el-Ghazal and Equatoria provinces in southern Sudan, Epomophorus minor is added to the list of species known from that country, and the geographic ranges of Micropteropus pusillus, Eptesicus capensis, Eptesicus somalicus, and Chaerephon major are extended within Sudan. Examples of species poorly represented in museum collections were also collected, including Nycteris thebaica, Chalinolobus variegatus, and Scotoecus hirundo. Ecological notes were recorded; embryos and parasites were collected and preserved. Seventy-one species are now known to occur in Sudan.
Keywords: [Glauconycteris variegata] Chalinolobus variegatus; [Neoromicia somalica] Eptesicus somalicus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; Chaerephon major; Chiroptera; distribution; Epomophorus minor; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Mammalia; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; morphology; Northeast Africa; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Pteropodidae; species richness; Sudan; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Phylogenetic relationships of the Old World Nectar-Feeding Bats (Pteropodidae: Macroglossinae) Based on Features of the Female Reproductive Tract - Hood, C. S. (Ph.D. Thesis, 1986)
Keywords: anatomy; Balionycteris; Chiroptera; convergent evolution; Cynopterus; Dobsonia; Eonycteris; Epomops franqueti; histology; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Macroglossus; Megaerops; Megaloglossus woermanni; Melonycteris; Micropteropus pusillus; morphology; Nyctimene; phylogeny; Pteropodidae; Pteropus; Rousettus; Syconycteris; tongue; uterus

The prey of barn owls (Tyto alba) inhabiting the ancient temple complex of Karnak, Egypt - Goodman, S. M. (Ostrich, 1986)
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; diet; Egypt; Emballonuridae; food; Mammalia; North Africa; Pisces; predation; Rodentia; Soricidae; Strigiformes; Taphozous nudiventris; Tyto alba

Radio tracking of problem fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in the Transvaal with notes on flight and energetics - Jacobsen, N. H. G.; Viljoen, P. C.; Ferguson, W. (Z. Säugetierk., 1986)
Radio tracking was used to locate a cave in which Egyptian fruit bats roosted after nightly feeding visits to litchi orchards in the Trichardtsdal/Ofcolaco area of the northeastern Transvaal. This paper reports on results of this technique and discusses its shortfalls.
Keywords: behaviour; Biotopwahl; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; feeding habits; foraging; frugivory; Hangplätze; Mammalia; Nahrung; Pteropodidae; roosting behaviour; Rousettus aegyptiacus; South Africa; telemetry; Vegetation

Reproduction in females of the little free-tailed bat, Tadarida (Chaerephon) pumila, in the eastern Transvaal, South Africa - van der Merwe, M.; Rautenbach, I. L.; van der Colf, W. J. (J. Reprod. Fert., 1986)
Little free-tailed bats (2-9/month) were collected over 15 months in the eastern Transvaal lowveld (latitude 24°59’S). There was an extended but distinct breeding season of 8 months per year. Females appeared to be polyoestrous and able to bear 3 pregnancies per breeding season. There was a progressive decrease in the magnitude of the three birth peaks during the breeding season, with a concomitant slight loss in birth synchronization. Gestation period was   60 days and one young per female was the rule, with implantation occurring only in the right uterine horn of the bicornuate uterus. It is suggested that offspring are weaned before the age of 21 days, and that females become sexually mature in the following breeding season at the age of 5-12 months.
Keywords: age; biometrics; breeding; Chaerephon pumilus; Chiroptera; gestation period; Molossidae; ovarian cycle; ovulation; physiology; pregnancy; reproduction; seasonality; sexual maturation; South Africa; synchronization

Results of the netting of bats in Algeria (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Gaisler, J.; Kowalski, K. (Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke, 1986)
Three hundred seventeen bats of 20 species were taken by nets at 26 localities, most of them in northern Algeria, in the years 1980-1983. This sample has been evaluated with regard to faunal size, relative abundance, species diversity in areas, and the foraging diversity of the species. The species diversity corresponds in a certain degree to the diversity of environment, and on the whole it is higher in samples from western Algeria than from the east of the country. The highest foraging diversity has been found in P. kuhli, the only species caught both in the Mediterranean zone and in the desert; a high foraging diversity is also shown by M. blythi, P. pipistrellus, E. serotinus, R. ferrumequinum and P. austriacus. The bats are less active in the Mediterranean zone as well as in oases in the Sahara in winter. Two peaks of nocturnal activity, with the maximum after sunset, have been ascertained in three most abundant species.
Keywords: [Hypsugo] Pipistrellus savii; activity patterns; Algeria; Asellia tridens; Chiroptera; distribution; Eptesicus serotinus [isabellinus]; Hipposideridae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; Molossidae; Myotis blythii [punicus]; Myotis capaccinii; Myotis emarginatus; Myotis nattereri; North Africa; Nyctalus leisleri; Otonycteris hemprichi; Pipistrellus deserti; Pipistrellus kuhli; Pipistrellus pipistrellus; Pipistrellus rueppelli [rueppellii]; Plecotus austriacus [gaisleri]; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; Rhinolophus hipposideros; Rhinolophus mehelyi; species richness; Tadarida teniotis; Vespertilionidae

[Rodents and bats of Guinea and their medical significance] - Konstantinov, O. K (Doklady Moskovskoe Obscestvo Ispytatelej Pirody (Zoologiiia i Botanika), 1986)
in Russian
Keywords: Chiroptera; diseases; Guinea; Mammalia; Rodentia; West Africa

Rodents, bats, and insectivores from the Plio-Pleistocene sediments to the east of Lake Turkana, Kenya - Black, C. C.; Krishtalka, L. (Los Angeles County Mus. Contrib. Sci., 1986)
Fossil small mammals collected from five Plio-Pleistocene localities in the Koobi Fora Formation along the east side of Lake Turkana, Kenya, are described. The assemblage bears close resemblance to those from Olduvai Bed I in Tanzania and Omo Members F and G in Ethiopia. The most common elements of the assemblage are the murids Thallomys quadrilobatus and Praomys (Mastomys) minor. The micromammals from one locality, which dates at approximately 1.6 million years, suggest an arid environment with Acacia scrub and some riverine forest along intermittent stream channels.
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; fossils; Kenya; Mammalia; Nycteridae; palaeontology; Pleistocene; Pliocene; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; Scotophilus; Soricomorpha; Vespertilionidae

Seasonal changes in plasma testosterone concentrations and Leydig cell and accessory gland activity in the Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis) - Bernard, R. T. F. (J. Reprod. Fert., 1986)
Male Cape horseshoe bats were studied in the Cape Province of South Africa (33°17’S, 26°25’E) between January 1983 and June 1985. The reproductive cycle is characterized by reactivation of the seminiferous tubules in early summer (October) after a 4-month (June to September) period of winter inactivity. Spermiogenesis occurred between January and April, and spermatozoa were released to the epididymides in April and May. Spermiogenesis was associated with Leydig cell activity and increasing plasma testosterone concentrations. At this time components of the reproductive accessory glands became secretorily active or showed increasing secretory activity. During winter Leydig cells were secretorily inactive and plasma testosterone concentrations dropped, but components of the accessory complex remained active. There was a second period of Leydig cell secretory activity and increasing and peak plasma testosterone values in late winter/early summer which may be associated with copulation or the initiation of a new cycle of spermatogenesis.
Keywords: Chiroptera; endocrinology; gametogenesis; gonads; hormones; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; seasonality; South Africa; spermatogenesis

Seasonality and the behavior of the African yellow-winged bat - Vaughan, T. A.; Vaughan, R. P. (J. Mamm., 1986)
The African yellow-winged bat (Lavia frons) was observed in Kenya, East Africa, through one wet and one dry season (December 1982 to July 1983). This opportunistic, sit-and-wait predator typically forages from the crowns of Acacia tortilis and captures insects through a broad range of elevations by brief, precise interceptions. Lavia is monogamous. Members of a pair roots together in a territory defended by the male, forage either separately or together, and share the territory for some 3 months with the single young. Acacia tortilis responds to erratic dry-season rains by flowering and growing new leaves; attending brief bursts of insect abundance may be of crucial importance to Lavia during dry-season energy bottlenecks. Many of the most distinctive aspects of the life history of Lavia - monogamy, territoriality, the divisin of labor, opportunistic foraging, a long mother-yound association, and a close association between Lavia and A. tortilis - probably are adaptations to recurring periods of energy stress.
Keywords: Acacia tortilis; Chiroptera; diet; East Africa; ecology; Fledermäuse; food distribution; foraging; habitat preferences; Hangplätze; insectivory; Kenya; Lavia frons; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; monogamy; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; opportunistic feeder; roosting behaviour; seasonality; social behaviour; social organization; territoriality; Vegetation

Some Chiroptera from south-central Africa - Ansell, W. F. H. (Mammalia, 1986)
Data, including a number of breeding records, are given for several species of Chiroptera, supplementing previous information. Tadarida ventralis is recorded in Zambia for the first time, but Rhinolophus capensis has to be deleted due to previous misidentification. Successive pregnancies are confirmed in Tadarida pumila.
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Chaerephon] Tadarida ansorgei; [Nycticeinops schlieffenii] Nycticeius schlieffeni australis; Africa; Chiroptera; Cloeotis percivali australis; distribution; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Malawi; Molossidae; Nycteridae; Nycteris grandis marica; Nycteris hispida aurita; Nycteris macrotis oriana; Nycteris thebaica capensis; Nycteris woodi; Pipistrellus rueppelli vernayi; Pteropodidae; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; Rhinolophus fumigatus aethiops; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus swinnyi; Scotophilus dinganii; Tadarida lobata; Tadarida ventralis; Tanzania; Taphozous mauritianus; Vespertilionidae; Zambia

The status and distribution of bats in Zimbabwe - Hutton, J. M. (Cimbebasia (A), 1986)
Faunal diversity in the southern African subregion increases both northwards and eastwards. Zimbabwe lies in the northeast of the subregion in the highly productive Southern Savanna Woodland biotic zone. Bat specimens have been collected from 44% of the quarter degree grid squares in Zimbabwe. Fifty-eight species are recorded, of which 14 reach the southern periphery of their range. A broad analysis of distribution relative to dominant geographical and climatic features is made. Several species are confined to the eastern half of the country but few show a similar restriction to the drier west. Seven species are widespread, but only Nycteris thebaica and Eptesicus capensis are truly ubiquitous. The distribution of many species is markedly correlated with altitude and the central watershed disrupts the distribution of several. Fourteen species are represented by too few specimens for their distribution to be assessed. Six species fail to show a distributional pattern. Distribution maps are given for species with a marked increase in collecting localities over Smithers & Wilson (1979).
in: "Fourth International Colloquium on the Ecology and Taxonomy of African Small Mammals, Windhoek, Namibia, August 13-20, 1984"
Keywords: [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila; [Chaerephon] Tadarida ansorgei; [Chaerephon] Tadarida chapini; [Chaerephon] Tadarida nigeriae; [Glauconycteris] Chalinolobus variegata; [Lissonycteris] Roussetus angolensis; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; [Mops] Tadarida midas; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus melckorum; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus zuluensis; [Nycticeinops schlieffenii] Nycticeius schlieffeni; Chiroptera; Cloeotis percivali; distribution; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus crypturus; Epomophorus gambianus; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Eptesicus hottentotus; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Hipposideros commersoni [vittatus]; Kerivoula argentata; Kerivoula lanosa; Laephotis botswanae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus fraterculus; Miniopterus inflatus; Miniopterus schreibersii; Molossidae; Myotis bocagei; Myotis tricolor; Myotis welwitschii; Nycteridae; Nycteris grandis; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris thebaica; Nycteris woodi; Otomops martiensseni; Pipistrellus kuhlii [hesperidus]; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Pipistrellus rusticus; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus darlingi; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus landeri; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus swinnyi; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Sauromys petrophilus; Scotophilus borbonicus [leucogaster]; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus nigrita; Southern Africa; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Tadarida fulminans; Tadarida lobata; Taphozous mauritianus; Taphozous perforatus; Triaenops persicus [afer]; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe; zoogeography

Sudan bats revisited: An update of "Bats of the Sudan" - Koopman, K. F. (Cimbebasia (A), 1986)
Rousettus lanosus, Myotis welwitschii, and Scotophilus borbonicus were recorded previously from Sudan and Pipistrellus crassulus is reported here. In the Sudan, Pipistrellus crassulus is a forest bat, Scotophilus borbonicus a savanna one, Rousettus lanosus and Myotis welwitschii, East African. Hipposideros ruber, as distinct from H. caffer, is a forest bat, H. caffer now a savanna one.
Keywords: [Lissonycteris] Rousettus angolensis; [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; Africa; Angola; Chaerephon; Chiroptera; distribution; Epomops franqueti; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Micropteropus pusillus; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersi arenarius; Molossidae; Mops; Mormopterus; Nycteridae; Nycteris arge; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris nana; Pipistrellus crassulus; Pipistrellus kuhlii [hesperidus]; Plecotus; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus acrotis; Rhinolophus landeri; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Scotoecus hindei; Scotoecus hirundo; Scotophilus; species richness; Sudan; systematics; Tadarida; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; zoogeography

Systematics of African bats of the genus Eptesicus (Mammalia: Vespertilionidae). 1. Taxonomic status of the large serotines of eastern and southern Africa - Schlitter, D. A.; Aggundey, I. R. (Cimbebasia (A), 1986)
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; distribution; Eptesicus hottentotus bensoni; Eptesicus hottentotus pallidior; Eptesicus hottentotus portavernus ssp. nov.; Eptesicus loveni; Eptesicus platyops; Eptesicus serotinus; Fledermäuse; Kenya; Mammalia; morphology; Myotis tricolor; Pipistrellus; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Taxonomic and distributional notes on bats from Kenya - Schlitter, D. A.; Aggundey, I. R.; Qumsiyeh, M. B.; Nelson, K.; Honeycutt, R. L. (Ann. Carn. Mus., 1986)
Taxonomic and distributional comments are given for six species in three families of bats from Kenya. Two species (Hipposideros camerunensis and Tadarida russata) are reported from Kenya for the first time. (The other species discussed are H. cyclops, Scotophilus nux, Kerivoula argentata argentata and T. fulminans).
Keywords: Artenzahl; Chaerephon russatus; Chiroptera; distribution; East Africa; Faunistik; first record; Fledermäuse; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros camerunensis; Hipposideros cyclops; Kenya; Kerivoula argentata; Mammalia; Molossidae; morphology; Scotophilus nux; systematics; Tadarida fulminans; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Ultrastructure of the ventricular myocardium of the bat Eidolon helvum - Navaratnam, V.; Ayettey, A. S.; Addae, F.; Kesse, K.; Skepper, J. N. (Acta Anatomica, 1986)
Ultrastructural studies, including a preliminary morphometric analysis, of the right ventricular myocardium in the West African bat Eidolon helvum show that the myocytes contain a wider T-tubule system and a higher proportion of mitochondria and lipid droplets than in typical terrestrial mammals such as the rat; these features in the bat are even mor pronounced than in hibernating species such as the golden hamster. In addition to having coupling arrangements with T-tubules and surface sarcolemma, cisterns of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum are closely apposed to mitochondria and lipid droplets.
Keywords: anatomy; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Ghana; Pteropodidae; ultrastructure; West Africa

Zur Faunistik und Biometrie angolanischer Fledermäuse (Mammalia, Mega- et Microchiroptera) - Feiler, A. (Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 1986)
Data on faunistics and biometry of the following Megachiroptera: Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomophorus wahlbergi, Epomophorus angolensis, Epomops iranqueti, Micropteropus pusillus, Plerotes anchietae, Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Lissonycteris angolensis, are given, gained by self-collected materials from Uige, Luanda and its surroundings as well as from materials of other Angolian places which exist in the collections of the University of Angola and in the Museum fuer Naturkunde Berlin. Besides, several collected Microchiroptera are discussed. Triaenops persicus were found in Angola for the first time.
Keywords: Angola; Chaerephon pumila [pumilus]; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Epomophorus angolensis; Epomophorus wahlbergi haldemani; Epomops franqueti; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros ruber; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Lissonycteris angolensis; Micropteropus pusillus; Molossidae; Mops condylura [condylurus]; Nycteridae; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris thebaica; Plerotes anchietae; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus unicolor; Scotophilus dinganii; Southern Africa; Triaenops persicus [afer]; Vespertilionidae

The bats of Egypt - Qumsiyeh, M. B. (Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University, 1985)
Keywords: [Nycticeinops] Nycticeius schlieffenii; Asellia tridens; Barbastella barbastellus leucomelas; Chiroptera; distribution; Egypt; Emballonuridae; Eptesicus bottae innesi; Hipposideridae; Molossidae; North Africa; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Otonycteris hemprichii; Pipistrellus aegyptius; Pipistrellus ariel; Pipistrellus bodenheimeri; Pipistrellus kuhlii marginatus; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Plecotus austriacus christiei [christii]; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus brachygnathus; Rhinolophus clivosus clivosus; Rhinolophus hipposideros minimus; Rhinolophus mehelyi; Rhinopoma hardwickei arabium; Rhinopoma hardwickei cystops; Rhinopoma microphyllum; Rhinopomatidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; systematics; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Tadarida teniotis rueppellii; Taphozous nudiventris; Taphozous perforatus; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Chiroptères d’altitude du Mont Nimba (Guinée). Description d’une espèce nouvelle, Hipposideros lamottei - Brosset, A. (Mammalia, 1985)
A detailed survey of the bats of the high altitude grasslands of Mont Nimba is presented. Five species were obtained, 4 of them (Lissonycteris angolensis smithi, Rhinolophus guineensis, R. fumigatus and R. simulator alticolus) new for this area. A new species, H. lamottei is described. The total number of bats species collected in Mont Nimba is 39. Comparisons are made with the specific richness of bats in other areas similarly investigated in the Guinean-Congolese region.
Keywords: altitude; biodiversity; Chiroptera; ecology; elevation; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Guinea; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros lamottei sp. nov.; Hipposideros ruber; Lissonycteris angolensis smithii; Mammalia; montane grasslands; morphology; Mount Nimba; mountains; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus fumigatus [R. hillorum]; Rhinolophus guineensis; Rhinolophus simulator alticolus; species description; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; West Africa; zoogeography

Contamination of wildlife with DDT insecticide residues in relation to tsetse fly control operations in Zimbabwe - Matthiessen, P. (Environmental Pollution, Series B: Chemical and Physical, 1985)
The distribution of DDT insecticide residues in the environment of western Zimbabwe was surveyed in order to identify the major source(s) of DDT pollution and assess whether residue accumulation in wildlife is sufficient to cause deleterious biological effects. The most important source of DDT contamination in 1982/83 was the tsetse fly control programme, with relatively minor contributions made by mosquito control, commercial agriculture and traditional farming. Although it was shown that DDT residues do not persist in the non-living environment (tree bark, soil, riverine silt), they readily accumulate in insectivorous birds and bats (respective maxima: 32 and 20 {\`ıg g-1 wet weight total DDT in viscera) and, to a lesser extent, in detritivorous mussels and piscivorous fish (maxima: 1.0 and 2.2 {\`ıg g-1 in whole body and ovary, respectively). These residues are sufficient to cause eggshell thinning in certain avian predators.
Keywords: Aves; Chiroptera; Diptera; Glossina; Insecta; Mammalia; Neoromicia capensis; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Nycticeinops schlieffenii; pesticides; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus viridis; Southern Africa; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe

Deciduous teeth and their replacement in Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis - van der Merwe, M. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1985)
The sequence of replacement of the deciduous teeth by permanent teeth in Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis is described. A table showing the changes in tooth characteristics from birth until seven weeks of age is given.
Keywords: anatomy; Chiroptera; dentition; development; histology; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus natalensis; morphology; South Africa; teeth

Echoortungsverhalten des Flughundes Rousettus aegyptiacus (Megachiroptera) - Herbert, H. (Z. Säugetierk., 1985)
Keywords: activity patterns; behaviour; Chiroptera; echolocation; Mammalia; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus

Egyptian fruit bats Rousettus aegyptiacus in an apple orchard: A preliminary investigation - Jarvis, M. J. F. (International Pest Control, 1985)
Keywords: agriculture; behaviour; Chiroptera; damage; diet; ecology; food; foraging; Mammalia; orchards; plantations; Pteropodidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Southern Africa; Zimbabwe

The feeding behaviour of insectivorous bats: Echolocation, foraging strategies, and resource partitioning - Fenton, M. B. (Transvaal Museum Bulletin, 1985)
This paper uses the results of work on temperate and tropical Microchiroptera to explore the relevance of ideas about interspecific competition to faunas of insectivorous bats. The bat fauna of the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area in Zimbabwe is the focus of much of the work reviewed here. The value of echolocation as a window on the behaviour and foraging ecology of Microchiroptera is considered, and some apparatus and approaches for exploiting this avenue of investigation are reviewed. A tentative association between different foraging strategies and the basic design of echolocation calls is proposed. Some insectivorous bats pursue flying prey, hunting in continuous flight or from perches; others are gleaners, taking prey from surfaces. Bats that hunt flying prey may operate at long or short range, Another group of bats, including rhinolophids, hipposiderids, and the mormoopid Pteronotus parnellii use echolocation to detect fluttering targets. In spite of many assertions to the contrary, evidence for insectivorous bats partitioning resources (food or roosts) remains ambiguous, overwhelmed by variation in prey selected and lack of data. African bats are ideal subjects for further studies of the dynamics of interactions between sympatric species, including the possible effect of limiting (?) resources.
Keywords: [Chaerephon] Tadarida ansorgei; [Chaerephon] Tadarida chapini; [Chaerephon] Tadarida nigeriae; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus spp. (capensis; [Nycticeinops schlieffenii] Nycticeius schlieffeni; Africa; Australia; body mass; Chiroptera; Cloeotis percivali; competition; diet; echolocation; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus crypturus; Epomophorus gambianus; Epomophorus wahlbergi; food; foraging strategies; Glauconycteris variegata; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Hipposideros commersoni [vittatus]; Hipposideros ruber; Insecta; Kerivoula argentata; kuhlii; Laephotis angolensis (botswanae?); Miniopteridae; Miniopterus spp.; Molossidae; Myotis welwitschii; Nycteridae; Nycteris thebaica; Nycteris woodi; Otomops martiensseni; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Pipistrellus spp. (nanus; Pteropodidae; resource partitioning; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus denti; Rhinolophus fumigatus; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus landeri; Rhinolophus simulator; Rousettus aegyptiacus; rusticus); Scotophilus leucogaster; Scotophilus nigrita [dinganii]; Tadarida fulminans; Taphozous mauritianus; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe; zuluensis)

First record of Eidolon helvum sabaeum (K. Andersen, 1907) for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) - Nader, I. A. (Mammalia, 1985)
The chiropteran fauna of the Arabian peninsula was reviewed by Harrison (1964, 1972) who recorded thirteen species of bats from the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Additional information and new records of bats for the kingdom were given by Nader (1975, 1982), Nader and Kock (1980, 1983a and b) and Jennings (1979) bringing the number of bat species recorded from the kingdom to nineteen. The present record brings the total of Saudi Arabian bats to twenty species. Further collecting most likely will add new species to the chiropteran fauna of the kingdom.
Keywords: Arabia; Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum sabaeum; first record; Pteropodidae; Saudi Arabia

Foraging behavior of the African insectivorous bat, Scotophilus leucogaster - Barclay, R. M. R. (Biotropica, 1985)
The authors studied the foraging behavior of Scotophilus leucogaster in Zimbabwe, Africa, during January and February (normally the wet season) 1982, using mist nets, fecal analysis, light tags and radiotelemetry. Both the diet and foraging behavior of this species appear to be variable. Individuals foraged primarily over floodplains for an average of less than one hour at dusk and spent the rest of the night in small tree-cavity roosts. Adults averaged shorter feeding periods and remained closer to the roost area than did subadults. Hemipterans and coleopterans were the primary prey items although a number of other insect orders were eaten to varying degrees by different individuals. The diet varied between adults and subadults and from night to night. It was also more varied than that previously reported for this species during the wet season, a fact potentially due to abnormally dry conditions present during 1981 and 1982.
Keywords: activity patterns; Beutespektrum; Chiroptera; day roosts; diet; ecology; feeding habits; Fledermäuse; foraging; habitat preferences; Insecta; insectivory; Mammalia; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; Nahrungswahl; prey selection; radio-tracking; roosting behaviour; Scotophilus leucogaster; seasonality; Sengwa Wildlife Research Area; Southern Africa; telemetry; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe

Geographical ecology of Nigerian mammals - Happold, D. C. D. (Ann. Mus. roy. Afr. Centr. (Sci. zool.), 1985)
1. The vegetation zones of Nigeria replace each other with increasing latitude. Rainforest and swamp forest in the south are succeeded by derived savanna, Guinea savanna, Sudan savanna and finally Sahel savanna in the extreme north. Climatic characteristics such as mean annual rainfall, mean number of rainy days each year and mean monthly minimum temperatures decrease from south to north, whereas number o fmonths with less than 25 mm of rain, mean monthly maximum temperatures and range of mean annual temperature increase from south to north. Associated with this clinal pattern is increased seasonality, decreased productivity and lower mean vegetation height from south to north.2. Nigeria has a diverse mammalian fauna of 42 families, 133 genera and 241 species. The general distribution of each species according to vegetation zones is tabulated. The proportional representation of each order is about the same as found in other African countries, although Chiroptera and Primates are especially well represented. The number of mammalian species is close to the predicted number in relation to the surface area of the country. The greatest numbers are found in the rainforest (116 spp) despite the small area of this vegetation zone; numbers decline in each successive zone to the north. The numbers of species of Chiroptera, Primates and Rodentia decline in each successive vegetation zone from south to north, but the Carnivora and Artiodactyla attain their highest species numbers in Guinea and Sudan savannas. The species composition of the rainforest zone is essentially different to that of any other zone; in contrast, there is considerable similarity between the faunas of the savanna zones. The rainforest fauna has the highest number of endemic species whereas Sudan and Sahel savannas contain very few endemic species. Correlation between climatic factors and species numbers in rodents show that annual range of temperature and annual rainfall are the best predictors of species numbers; in contrast no significant correlations are apparent for all species of mammals probably because of the different responses of the major orders to changes within the vegetation zones.3. The mammals of Nigeria are typical of West Africa. The affinities of the fauna show that the majority of mammals are those of ’savanna’, ’rainforest’ and ’widespread’ origin. Other species are of ’Saharan’, ’montane’, ’western rainforest’, and ’eastern rainforest’ origins; and one species is endemic. Thus all except one species occur in other West African countries.4. The mammals of the rainforest zone may be considered as two groups, divided by the Niger river; of the endemic rainforest species 60 occurwest of the river and 69 occur east of the river. The Niger river appears to act as a dispersal barrier to 27 species (i.e., 35% of endemic rainforest species). The Jos plateau, forest relics in the savanna, and savanna-like habitats in the rainforest zone have influenced the distribution of some species.5. Analysis of the distribution and proportional abundance of small terrestrial rodents shows that species diversity indices are highest in the derived savanna and lowest in the rainforest. Many of these species occur in only one vegetation zone and have small habitat breadths; only three species have wide habitat breadths.6. Trophic levels and diversity are examined in relation to bats. Nigerian bats show the same pattern of diversity as those of Botswana and Zimbabwe. The majority are insectivorous and a small but significant proportion are fruit/nectar feeders.7. Eight ’faunal regions’ are recognized for the purposes of conservation of Nigerian mammal communities. Most faunal regions are, or will be, adequately conserved in proposed or gazetted reserved areas except for ’rainforest’ and the ’Jos plateau and relic forest’ communities; additional conservation areas are required in these two faunal regions.8. Geographical ecology of the mammals of Nigeria (as well as for many other African countries) is hampered by inadequate information on distribution patterns and an absence of quantitative and synecological studies. A community approach is necessary in order to understand many of the fascinating aspects of the geographical ecology of African mammals.
Keywords: allopatric; biodiversity; Chiroptera; climate; communities; conservation; ecology; evolution; Faunistik; guilds; habitat preferences; Mammalia; Nigeria; seasonality; speciation; species richness; sympatric; Vegetation; West Africa; zoogeography

Calcarmyobia from the Ethiopian region (Acarina, Myobiidae) - Uchikawa, K. (Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.), 1985)
Keywords: Acari; Africa; Arachnida; Calcarmyobia exserta sp. nov.; Calcarmyobia minoris sp. nov.; Calcarmyobia producta sp. nov.; Calcarmyobia steatosetae rectipenis ssp. nov.; Calcarmyobia steatosetae sp. nov.; Chiroptera; ectoparasites; host-parasite relationships; Iraq; Kenya; Madagascar; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus majori; Miniopterus manavi; Miniopterus minor; Miniopterus schreibersi pulcher; Miniopterus scotinus; parasitism; phylogeny; systematics; taxonomy

Concinnum epomopis Sandground, 1937 (Dicrocoeliidae) from the pancreas of the West African fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Nigeria - Otubanjo, O. A. (Z. Parasitenkd., 1985)
The natural arthropod and helminth infections of a vast colony of a West African fruit bat Eidolon helvum were studied over a period of 2 years. The seasonal prevalence of a non-specific ectoparasite Cyclopodia greeffi Karsch, 1884 is presented, while the complete absence of endoparasitic infection in the gut is noted. A single helminth infection with Concinnum epomopis Sandground, 1937 (Digenea) in the pancreas was found. This digenean is redescribed and data on the occurrence is presented. Helminth infection as a means of population control of the fruit bat is ruled out, as infections appeared to be accidental; the factors determining the prevalence and frequency of infections are considered. The significant factors responsible for the general overall poor helminth fauna of fruit bats in comparison to the generally diverse helminth fauna of the local insectivorous bats are discussed. Histopathological changes resulting from infection are recorded.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Nigeria; Pteropodidae; West Africa

Holubicula toroensis g. n., sp. n. (Acari: Trombiculidae), parasitic on the bat Tadarida condylura in SW Uganda - Daniel, M.; Vercammen-Grandjean, P. H. (Folia Parasitologica, 1985)
Keywords: [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; Acari; Chiroptera; East Africa; ectoparasites; Holubicula toroensis gen. & sp. nov.; Molossidae; parasitism; Uganda

Introduction à l’étude des Chiroptères du Tafilalt (sud-est marocain) - Aulagnier, S.; Destre, R. (Mammalia, 1985)
After some geographical and climatic data about Tafilalt (southeastern Morocco), the Chiroptera of this country are listed. An eco-ethological study was undertaken in a famous cave: Kef Azigza, where are living seven species removing all year long. Various observations all over the studied area are also discussed with reference to the biogeography of bats. There, between Atlas mountains and Sahara, Palaearctic species are the most numerous, nevertheless three afro-eremic ones were found, and especially Rhinopoma microphyllum (second data for Morocco).
Keywords: Asellia tridens; caves; Chiroptera; climate; day roosts; Hipposideridae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; Morocco; Myotis blythi [punicus]; Myotis mystacinus; North Africa; Pipistrellus kühli [kuhlii]; Plecotus austriacus [gaisleri]; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus euryale; Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; Rhinopoma hardwickei [hardwickii]; Rhinopoma microphyllum; Rhinopomatidae; roosting; Vespertilionidae

Mammals from Malawi, part 1 - Ansell, W. F. H. (Nyala, 1985)
Keywords: Artiodactyla; Carnivora; Chiroptera; Epomophorus minor; Erinaceomorpha; Malawi; Mammalia; Primates; Pteropodidae; Rodentia; Southern Africa

Mites of the genus Calcarmyobia (Acarina, Myobiidae) with information on the taxonomy of their host bats of the genus Miniopterus (Chiroptera, Miniopteridae) - Uchikawa, K. (Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.), 1985)
Keywords: Acari; Africa; Angola; Arachnida; Asia; Botswana; Calcarmyobia congoensis; Calcarmyobia dusbabeki sp. nov.; Calcarmyobia kenyaensis; Chiroptera; Congo (Kinshasa); ectoparasites; Ethiopia; Europe; host-parasite relationships; Kenya; Liberia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus africanus; Miniopterus breyeri; Miniopterus breyeri vicinior; Miniopterus dasythrix; Miniopterus fraterculus; Miniopterus fuscus fraterculus; Miniopterus inflatus; Miniopterus inflatus africanus; Miniopterus inflatus rufus; Miniopterus natalensis; Miniopterus natalensis arenarius; Miniopterus schreibersi; Miniopterus schreibersi arenarius; Miniopterus schreibersi natalensis; Miniopterus schreibersi villiersi; Miniopterus scotinus; Miniopterus smitianus; Mozambique; Namibia; parasitism; phylogeny; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus lobatus [landeri]; South Africa; Sudan; systematics; taxonomy; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe

Molossidés (Mammalia, Chiroptera) cénozo{\"ıques de l’Ancien et du Nouveau Monde; statut systématique; intégration phylogénique des données - Legendre, S. (Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 1985)
The revision of all the fossil molossid bats known leads us to settle the systematic status of the different populations. These are: Cuvierimops parisiensis and C. div. sp. (late Eocene and early Oligocene, Europe), Mormopterus (Hydromops) faustoi (Oligocene, Brazil), M. (Hydromops) stehlini, M. (H.) helveticus, Tadarida engesseri, T. leptognatha, T. (Mops) monslapidensis, Rhizomops cf. brasiliensis (Miocene, Europe, and Africa for T. engesseri). The genus Wallia (Uintan, Saskatchewan) is reassigned to the Molossidae, Thus, a phylogenetic reconstruction is proposed.
Keywords: biogeography; Caenozoic; Chiroptera; fossils; Molossidae; palaeontology; systematics; taxonomy

Murciélagos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) de las Islas Canarias - Ibáñez, C.; Fernández, R. (Doñana, Acta Vertebrata, 1985)
Keywords: [Hypsugo] Pipistrellus savii; Africa; Atlantic; Barbastella barbastellus; biodiversity; Canary Islands; Chiroptera; ecology; endemic; Europe; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; island biogeography; Mammalia; Molossidae; morphology; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus maderensis; Plecotus teneriffae; speciation; species richness; systematics; Tadarida teniotis; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Note sur les mammifères des Seychelles. Un facteur de mortalité de la roussette endémique, Pteropus seychellensis - Verschuren, J. (Mammalia, 1985)
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; Indian Ocean; mortality; power lines; Pteropodidae; Pteropus seychellensis; Seychelles

Observations sur quelques groupements interspécifiques de Microchiroptères des forêts ombrophiles de Kisangani (Za{\"ıre) - Ifuta, N. B. (Ann. Fac. Sci., Kisangani, 1985)
Keywords: [Neoromicia nana] Pipistrellus nanus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus tenuipinnis; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Congo (Kinshasa); day roosts; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros ruber; interspecific associations; Myotis bocagei; Nycteridae; Nycteris arge; Nycteris grandis; Nycteris hispida; Nycteris macrotis; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus landeri; Vespertilionidae

Old World phytophagous bats (Megachiroptera) and their food plants: A survey - Marshall, A. G. (Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 1985)
The Megachiroptera, with a single family, 43 genera and 174 species, are confined to the Old World tropics and subtropics where they are exclusively phytophagous, feeding upon floral resources (largely nectar and pollen but also petals and bracts), fruit, leaves and water. A literature survey revealed information on the food sources for only 21 genera of bats, these feeding upon 75 genera of flowers, 145 genera of fruit and 10 genera of leaves in a total of 34 orders, 66 families and 198 genera. The bats are likely to pollinate flowers of at least 31 genera and presumably may disperse the seeds of the majority of fruits consumed. Despite our ignorance about the relationship between Megachiroptera and plants, it appears that most bats are catholic in their choice of food, and most plants are visited by a diversity of bats.
Keywords: Africa; Asia; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; feeding habits; flowers; food distribution; foraging; frugivory; Hangplätze; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; nectarivory; pollination; Pteropodidae; review; roosting behaviour; seed dispersal; species lists

A pharmacological analysis of the responses of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle of the bat to transmural and periarterial nerve stimulation - Cole, O. F.; Marquis, V. O. (British Journal of Pharmacology, 1985)
1 A comparative study of the responses of the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea-pig and of the fruit-eating bat Eidolon helvum to transmural nerve stimulation (TNS) was made.2 The stomach and rectum of the guinea-pig, the bat and the guinea-pig ileum contracted in response to TNS. These contractions were cholinergic in nature because atropine blocked and physostigmine potentiated them.3 Tetrodotoxin reversibly abolished these contractions suggesting that they were nerve-mediated.4 The bat isolated ileum usually responded to TNS with mixed motor and inhibitory components. In some cases, there were only motor or inhibitory components.5 The motor component was abolished by atropine and potentiated by physostigmine. However, the inhibitory component was non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic (NANC).6 Tetrodotoxin abolished the motor component without influencing the inhibitory component.7 Periarterial nerve stimulation of the bat ileum produced a relaxation that was blocked by bretylium, propranolol, phentolamine, reserpine and tetrodotoxin.8 It is concluded that the bat gastrointestinal smooth muscle, like the guinea-pig, has cholinergic excitatory innervation; however, the bat ileum has both a cholinergic excitatory innervation and a non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic inhibitory component.
Keywords: Chiroptera; Eidolon helvum; Nigeria; Pteropodidae; West Africa

Proceedings of the International Symposium on African Vertabrates. Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolutionary Ecology - Schuchmann, K.-L. (Zool. Forschungsinst. Museum A. Koenig, 1985)
Systematics of African Nycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera) /Evolutionary expositions from The Birds of Africa: Halcyon song phylogeny; cockoo host partitioning; systematics of Aplopelia and Bostrychia /The origin and evolution of the Cameroon montane forest avifauna /Zoogeographical patterns of the lizard fauna of the African subsaharan savanna belt, with preliminary description of a new chameleon /Progress on a taxonomic revision of the African green tree snakes (Philothamnus spp.)
Keywords: Africa; Amphibia; Aves; biodiversity; ecology; evolution; Faunistik; Mammalia; Pisces; Reptilia; speciation; systematics; taxonomy; zoogeography

Reproduction in the Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis) from South Africa - Bernard, R. T. F. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1985)
Structure of the reproductive organs and the processes of spermatogenesis and follicular development are described and are similar to those described for other members of the genus Rhinolophus. The reproductive cycle of the Cape horseshoe bat is characterized by spermatogenesis between October and May (spring to autumn) with sperm released to the cauda epididymis in April and May. At this time the females are in oestrus or submaximal oestrus but copulation and ovulation are delayed until August and September (the end of winter hibernation). Between May and September spermatozoa are stored in the cauda epididymis where they show no positive association with the epididymal epithelium. Parturition occurs in November and December after a three to four month gestation.
Keywords: anatomy; Chiroptera; histology; reproduction; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus capensis; South Africa

The roosting and foraging areas of Epomophorus wahlbergi (Pteropodidae) and Scotophilus viridis (Vespertilionidae) in Kruger National Park, South Africa - Fenton, M. B.; Brigham, R. M.; Mills, A. M.; Rautenbach, I. L. (J. Mamm., 1985)
In April 1984 in Kruger National Park, radio tracking was used to study the roosting and foraging behavior of E. wahlbergi and S. viridis, 2 bats known to roost in trees. Most E. wahlbergi roosted in foliage in riverine forest, although some roosted in a shelter cave; the S. viridis invariably roosted in hollow mopane trees along the steep sides or tops of ridges. Neither species showed any strong evidence of changing the day roosts they used to minimize commuting distance to foraging areas, although both species regularly switched locations of day roosts within localized areas. Switching day roosts may reduce predation.
Keywords: activity patterns; behaviour; Chiroptera; diet; ecology; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Fledermäuse; foraging; habitat preferences; Hangplätze; Kruger National Park; Mammalia; Nahrung; Nahrungsspektrum; predation pressure; Pteropodidae; radio-tracking; roosting behaviour; Scotophilus viridis; South Africa; Standortkonstanz; telemetry; trees; Vespertilionidae

A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the bat lung - Maina, J. N. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1985)
The lungs of two adult species of bat Epomophorus wahlbergi and Miniopterus minor fixed with 2.3% glutaraldehyde were processed for SEM (scanning electron microscope) and TEM (transmission electron microscope) examination by the standard procedures. The bat lung comprised a blood and air conducting zone (consisting of bronchi, bronchioles and large blood vessels), the intermediate zone (made up of alveolar ducts), and the respiratory zone, which consisted of alveoli and blood capillaries. The interalveolar septa comprised basically granular pneumocytes (type II cells), squamous pneumocytes (type I cells), endothelial cells, and, in the interstitium, collagen and elastic fibres with occasional fibrocytes. Blood capillaries were interposed in the interalveolar septa, thus bulging into adjacent alveoli. It was noted that grossly, architecturally and structurally, the bat lung was similar to that of a terrestrial mammal. However, in previous morphometric and physiological studies it has been found that bats have a large lung, a thin pulmonary blood-gas barrier, a large pulmonary capillary blood volume, and high haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration. The bat lung, while retaining the basic mammalian pulmonary design, is well adapted to provide the large amount of oxygen demanded by flight. The avian pulmonary design (the lung-air sac system) is thus not a prerequisite to flight.
Keywords: anatomy; Chiroptera; East Africa; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Kenya; lungs; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus minor; morphology; Pteropodidae; ultrastructure

A systematic revision of the African bat genus Scotophilus (Vespertilionidae) - Robbins, C. B.; De Vree, F.; Van Cakenberghe, V. (Ann. Mus. roy. Afr. Centr. (Sci. zool.), 1985)
The systematics of African members of the genus Scotophilus has been confused and at times controversial. Apart from size and pelage color, they do not show many non-mensural differences. Multivariate statistical analyses are used with seven cranial and one wing measurement on over 2000 specimens. Six species are recognized. Two species, S. nux and S. nucella, are restricted to the high forest zone in West and Central Africa. The other four species, S. dinganii, S. leucogaster, S. nigrita, and S. viridis, occur throughout sub-Saharan Africa in the savanna vegetation zones. African mainland distribution of the genus is from Senegal and Mauritania in the west to Ethiopia and Somalia in the east, and throughout Central Africa to southern Africa.
Keywords: Africa; allopatric; biodiversity; Chiroptera; ecology; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Mammalia; morphology; revision; Scotophilus dinganii; Scotophilus leucogaster; Scotophilus nigrita; Scotophilus nucella; Scotophilus nux; Scotophilus viridis; species richness; sympatric; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; zoogeography

Systematic status of the long-eared bat Plecotus teneriffae Barret-Hamilton, 1907 (Chiroptera; Vespertilionidae) - Ibáñez, C.; Fernández, R. (Säugetierkdl. Mitt., 1985)
Keywords: Africa; Atlantic; Canary Islands; Chiroptera; distribution; endemic; Europe; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; island biogeography; Mammalia; morphology; Plecotus auritus; Plecotus austriacus; Plecotus teneriffae; systematics; taxonomy; Tenerife; Vespertilionidae

Systematics of African Nycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - Van Cakenberghe, V.; De Vree, F. (Proc. Intern. Symp. African Vertebr., 1985)
Based on a number of morphological characters, including the shape of the tragus and the upper incisors and the height of the second lower premolar, four species groups could be identified in African Nycteris. Of these, only the N. arge and the N. macrotis groups are discussed in this paper. Using multivariate statistical techniques on 1343 specimens, we were able to retain four species in the N. arge group and only two in the N. macrotis group. The distribution and the dimensions of all six species are discussed, along with some remarks on the status of certain forms. Lists of literature citations and material examined are given as well.
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; evolution; Fledermäuse; Nycteridae; Nycteris aethiopica [macrotis]; Nycteris arge; Nycteris intermedia; Nycteris macrotis; Nycteris madagascariensis; Nycteris major; Nycteris nana; revision; sibling species; speciation; systematics; taxonomy; zoogeography

Taxonomic status of Eptesicus platyops (Thomas, 1901) (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) - Ibáñez, C.; Valverde, J. A. (Z. Säugetierk., 1985)
Keywords: Africa; Bioko; Chiroptera; Eptesicus platyops; Eptesicus serotinus; Europe; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; Gulf of Guinea; island biogeography; morphology; Nigeria; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae

Une faune à rongeurs et chiroptères plio-pléistocènes de Madagascar - Sabatier, M.; Legendre, S. (Actes du 110e Congrès National des Sociétés Savantes, Montpellier, 1985, Section des Sciences, 1985)
A fossil vertebrate fauna, containing mainly mammals, was found in southwestern Madagascar, near the lake Tsimanampetsotsa. Three orders of mammals are represented: insectivores Lipotyphla, with one species, Chiroptera, with five species, and rodents, with four species. A Pliocene or early Pleistocene age is proposed for this locality.
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; fossils; Madagascar; Mammalia; palaeontology; Pleistocene; Pliocene

Untersuchungen über die Drüsen der Gesichtsregion der ägyptischen Mausschwanz-Fledermaus Rhinopoma hardwickei cystops Thomas, 1903 - Kulzer, E.; Helmy, I.; Necker, G. (Z. Säugetierk., 1985)
The facial area of R. hardwickei contains a great number of glands. Holocrine sebaceous glands are located in a layer below the epidermis. They are branched, alveolar and usually associated with hairs. Sebum is expelled into the hair follicles. It may be accumulated in a central cavity until it is discharged. The sudoriparous apocrine sweat glands are tubular and penetrate deeply into the subcutaneous tissue. They consist of a duct with narrow lumen and portions for accumulation and secretion of sweat. The tubular glands either meander or highly coiled. The excretory ducts usually open onto the surface of the skin in close association with hair follicles. The ducts of both sebaceous and sudoriparous glands may also open into hair follicles. The secretory epithelium of sweat glands is columnar, the portion for accumulation consists of cuboidal cells. Both are surrounded by myoepithelial cells. The apocrine sweat glands may be stimulated just by handling captive bats (emotional stimuli like fear and aggression); they do not function in thermoregulation.
Keywords: behaviour; Chiroptera; Egypt; Fledermäuse; glands; histology; Mammalia; morphology; North Africa; Rhinopoma hardwickii cystops; Rhinopomatidae

The vestigial teeth of Miniopterus fraterculus and Miniopterus inflatus - van der Merwe, M. (S. Afr. J. Zool., 1985)
Both Miniopterus fraterculus and Miniopterus inflatus have a vestigial tooth on the maxilla situated between the canine and following premolar.
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; dentition; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus fraterculus; Miniopterus inflatus; morphology; teeth

The vestigial teeth of Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis (Mammalia: Chiroptera) - van der Merwe, M. (J. Zool. (Lond.), 1985)
Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis has a vestigial tooth on both sides of the upper jaw between the canine and following premolar. This tooth is regarded as permanent premolar P2 in vestigial form.
Keywords: Chiroptera; dental formula; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus natalensis; morphology; South Africa; teeth

Annotated checklist of the mammals of Kenya. I. Chiroptera - Aggundey, I. R.; Schlitter, D. A. (Ann. Carn. Mus., 1984)
Keywords: [Chaerephon bivittatus] Tadarida bivittata; [Chaerephon cisturus] Tadarida bemmelini cistura; [Chaerephon pumilus] Tadarida pumila hindei; [Chaerephon] Tadarida ansorgei; [Glauconycteris argentata] Chalinolobus argentatus; [Glauconycteris kenyacola] Chalinolobus kenyacolus; [Glauconycteris variegata] Chalinolobus variegatus papilio; [Glauconycteris] Chalinolobus humeralis; [Lissonycteris] Rousettus angolensis ruwenzorii; [Mops brachypterus] Tadarida brachyptera; [Mops condylurus] Tadarida condylura; [Mops nanulus] Tadarida nanula; [Mops] Tadarida midas; [Myotis tricolor] Eptesicus loveni; [Neoromicia helios - nana] Pipistrellus nanus helios; [Neoromicia somalica] Eptesicus somalicus; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus capensis; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus rendalli phasma; [Neoromicia] Eptesicus tenuipinnis; [Nycticeinops] Nycticeius schlieffenii; [Saccolaimus] Taphozous peli; biodiversity; Cardioderma cor; Chiroptera; Cloeotis percivali; Coleura afra; distribution; East Africa; Eidolon helvum; Emballonuridae; Epomophorus crypturus; Epomophorus minor; Epomophorus wahlbergi haldemani; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; gazetteer; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros caffer; Hipposideros commersoni gigas; Hipposideros commersoni marungensis [vittatus]; Hipposideros cyclops; Hipposideros megalotis; Hipposideros ruber centralis; Hypsignathus monstrosus; Kenya; Kerivoula argentata; Kerivoula cuprosa; Kerivoula lanosa harrisoni; Kerivoula smithii; Laephotis wintoni; Lavia frons rex; Mammalia; Megadermatidae; Micropteropus pusillus; Mimetillus moloneyi; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus fraterculus; Miniopterus inflatus africanus; Miniopterus minor; Miniopterus natalensis; Miniopterus schreibersi arenarius; Molossidae; Myonycteris relicta; Myotis bocagei hildegardeae; Myotis tricolor; Myotis welwitschii; Nycteridae; Nycteris arge; Nycteris grandis; Nycteris hispida aurita; Nycteris macrotis luteola; Nycteris nana tristis; Nycteris thebaica labiata; Otomops martiensseni; Pipistrellus aero; Pipistrellus deserti; Pipistrellus kuhlii fuscatus [hesperidus]; Pipistrellus nanulus; Pipistrellus rueppelli fuscipes; Pipistrellus rusticus marrensis; Platymops setiger; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus keniensis; Rhinolophus deckenii; Rhinolophus eloquens; Rhinolophus fumigatus exsul; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus landeri lobatus; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinopoma hardwickei macinnesi; Rhinopomatidae; Rousettus aegyptiacus leachii; Rousettus lanosus kempi; Scotoecus albofuscus woodi; Scotoecus hindei albigula [S. albigula]; Scotoecus hindei hindei [hirundo]; Scotophilus borbonicus viridis; Scotophilus dinganii colias; Scotophilus leucogaster

An annotated inventory of a collection of bats from Rwanda (Chiroptera) - Baeten, B.; Van Cakenberghe, V.; De Vree, F. (Rev. Zool. Afr., 1984)
Keywords: [Neoromicia somalica] Eptesicus somalicus; biodiversity; Central Africa; Chiroptera; Faunistik; Fledermäuse; habitat preferences; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros ruber; Mammalia; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus inflatus; Miniopterus schreibersii; morphology; Myotis tricolor; Myotis welwitschii; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pteropodidae; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus hilli; Rousettus lanosus; Rwanda; species richness; systematics; taxonomy; Vespertilionidae; zoogeography

Bat ticks of the genus Argas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae). 13. Haller’s organ roof and anterior pit setae in Carios and Chiropterargas - Roshdy, M. A.; Hoogstraal, H.; Clifford, C. M.; Keirans, J. E.; Corwin, M. D. (J. Parasitol., 1984)
Adults of 4 of the 6 species constituting the subgenus Carios and of 3 of the 4 species constituting the subgenus Chiropterargas were studied by scanning electron microscopy. All species parasitize Old World cave-dwelling insectivorous bats (Microchiroptera). The anterior pit setae number 10 in Carios and 10 or 11 in Chiropterargas. In most Carios, the setiform seta is replaced by a second serrate seta. In 2 of the 3 studied Chiropterargas species, 1 of the 2 grooved setae is exceptionally long. Porose setae number 3 in Carios and 3 or 4 in Chiropterargas. The Haller’s organ roof in both subgenera is solid, lacking perforations; the aperture is narrowly transverse in Carios, irregularly wide or wide and transverse in Chiropterargas; uniquely, 1 or 2 sensilla protrude from the aperture of Chiropterargas species. The protruding sensilla and long grooved seta of Chiropterargas suggest a probably distinctive sensory-behavior pattern common to these ticks. Other morphological characters are discussed and compared to show relationships between these 2 subgenera and the subgenera Argas and Persicargas and distinctive characters present only in adult and/or larval Carios and Chiropterargas.
Keywords: Acari; anatomy; Arachnida; Chiroptera; ectoparasites; Egypt; morphology; North Africa; parasitism

Bats of northern Algeria and their winter activity - Gaisler, J. (Myotis, 1984)
Keywords: [Hypsugo] Pipistrellus savii; Algeria; Asellia tridens; Chiroptera; Emballonuridae; Eptesicus serotinus [isabellinus]; Hipposideridae; Miniopteridae; Miniopterus schreibersii; Molossidae; Myotis blythi [punicus]; Myotis capaccinii; Myotis emarginatus; Myotis nattereri; North Africa; Nyctalus leisleri; Nyctalus noctula; Otonycteris hemprichii; Pipistrellus deserti; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus pipistrellus; Pipistrellus rueppellii; Plecotus austriacus [gaisleri]; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus euryale; Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; Rhinolophus hipposideros; Rhinolophus mehelyi; Rhinopoma hardwickii; Rhinopomatidae; Tadarida aegyptiaca; Tadarida teniotis; Taphozous nudiventris; Vespertilionidae

Chromosomal banding studies and their systematic implications in African fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) - Haiduk, M. W.; Robbins, L. W.; Schlitter, D. A. (Ann. Mus. roy. Afr. Centr. (Sci. zool.), 1984)
Keywords: Africa; Chiroptera; chromosomes; cladistics; cytogenetics; Epomophorus minor; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Epomops; evolution; Hypsignathus; karyotypes; Lissonycteris; Mammalia; Megaloglossus; Micropteropus; morphology; Myonycteris; phylogeny; Pteropodidae; Rousettus; speciation; systematics; taxonomy

Damage to coconut trees by roosting fruit bats in Tanzania - Feare, C. J.; Manyanza, D. N.; Mbise, T. J. (Tropical Pest Management, 1984)
Keywords: Chiroptera; Cocos nucifera; colony size; day roosts; East Africa; Eidolon helvum; Palmae; Pteropodidae; roosting; Tanzania; trees; woody plants

Echolocation and hearing in the mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma hardwickei: Acoustic evolution of echolocation in bats - Simmons, J. A.; Kick, S. A.; Lawrence, B. D. (J. Comp. Physiol. A, 1984)
1. Mouse-tailed bats (Rhinopoma hardwickei) use short-duration, multiple-harmonic, constant-frequency (CF) or slightly frequency-modulated (FM) signals for echolocation of flying insect prey. The frequency components are 18-20 kHz (first harmonic), 36-40 kHz (second harmonic), 56-60 kHz (third harmonic), and 75-80 kHz (fourth harmonic). The second harmonic is the strongest component, with the third harmonic 2 to 10 dB weaker, and the first and fourth harmonics about 10 to 20 dB weaker than the second.2. The bat’s hearing, as indicated by N4 auditory evoked potentials, is moderately sharply tuned to the second harmonic, broadly sensitive to the first harmonic and to lower frequencies, and moderately sensitive to the third and fourth harmonics. The degree of tuning is sufficient to indicate some specialized function for the second harmonic, perhaps in the task of detecting targets at maximum range, since this is the lowest of the strong harmonics and least affected by atmospheric attenuation. These bats probably do not perform the Doppler compensation response even though their hearing is tuned.3. The pattern of emission of sonar sounds (repetition rate, duration) during interception of prey is similar to that observed in most other species of bats. The signals are emitted at repetition rates of 10-20/s during the search stage, 20-40/s during the approach stage, and about 100/s during the terminal stage of the pursuit process. The sonar sounds emitted during the search stage are 6-10 ms long, during the approach stage they are 2-4 ms long, and during the terminal stage they are less than 1 ms long.4. The principal acoustic dimension of echolocation sounds that relates to perception of targets is signal bandwidth, which Rhinopoma hardwickei manipulates throughout the pursuit process by shortening the duration of its sonar sounds and also by slightly broadening the FM sweeps in its terminal-stage sounds. The onset-time of the long, search-stage sounds and the longer, early approach-stage sounds is more abrupt than for the shorter, late approach-stage and the short terminal-stage sounds. This apparently deliberate transient beginning broadens the signal’s bandwidth at the onset relative to the narrower bandwidth prevailing for the rest of the CF harmonic structure which follows. In the shorter sounds, which are emitted during the late approach stage and terminal stage, the onset is more gradual, but the duration (the envelope) and the offset-time are now short enough that the bandwidth of the signal as a whole is increased. The bandwidth is manipulated primarily by these changes in signal envelope and secondarily by the increased FM sweep-width in the terminal stage.5. Except for duration these signals are relatively inflexible and suggestive of a primitive kind of echolocation in which only one dimension is changed to achieve qualities which most other species of bats obtain by changing a variety of signal dimensions simultaneously. The abrupt signal onsets may be an indication that multiple-harmonic CF and FM echolocation sounds evolved from click-like echolocation sounds of the type emitted by Rousettus and some terrestrial mammals.
Keywords: Chiroptera; echolocation; Egypt; North Africa; Rhinopoma hardwickii; Rhinopomatidae

Ecological Survey of the Impenetrable (Bwindi) Forest, Uganda, and Recommendations for its Conservation and Management - Butynski, T. M. (Report to the Government of Uganda, 1984)
Keywords: Albertine Rift; Aves; bushmeat; Bwindi Impenetrable Forest; Central Africa; Chiroptera; conservation; fauna; flora; Gorilla beringei; hunting; land use; Mammalia; mining; montane; mountains; Primates; protected areas; tropical forests; Uganda; Vegetation; wildlife management

The epididymis of the fruit bat, Epomophorus anurus - Baranga, J.; Schliemann, H.; Kayanja, F. I. B.; Muwazi, R. T. (Afr. J. Ecol., 1984)
Keywords: Chiroptera; East Africa; Epomophorus anurus [labiatus]; histology; Pteropodidae; reproduction

Essai de biogéographie phylogénique des molossides (Chiroptera) - Legendre, S. (Myotis, 1984)
The Molossidae seem to originate within the Old World. They are supposed to have migrated twice at least to South America, coming from Africa by a transatlantic way during the Late Eocene and the Oligocene. Several migrations would have reached Australia as early as the Miocene. The genus Mormopterus would have undergone a restriction of its geographical distribution due to the spreading of the other molossid bats and it is now limited to refuge zones. Peculiar molossid species suggest an important part in biogeography for the Indo-Malayan region.
Keywords: biogeography; Chiroptera; fossils; Molossidae; palaeontology; phylogeny

étude odontologique des représentants actuels du groupe Tadarida (Chiroptera, Molossidae). Implications phylogéniques, systématiques et zoogéographiques - Legendre, S. (Rev. suisse Zool., 1984)
The dental morphology of the recent bats of the Tadarida group was studied. Four genera are distinguished: Rhizomops gen. nov. [R. brasiliensis comb. nov. (T. brasiliensis)], Nyctinomops, Tadarida (including the subgenera Chaerephon and Mops) and Mormopterus (including the revalidated subgenera Platymops, Sauromys and Micronomus). These genera with Otomops are in Tadaridinae subfam. nov. Molossinae subfam. nov. and Cheiromelinae subfam. nov. are also proposed. The systematic clarification by an odontological approach and the phylogenetical relationships between these taxa are discussed. The zoogeographical history of the Molossidae, which are scattered in the warm areas of both Old and New World, is discussed.
Keywords: biogeography; Chaerephon; Chiroptera; dental morphology; distribution; Erstbeschreibung; evolution; Fledermäuse; Mammalia; Micronomus; Molossidae; Mops; Mormopterus; morphology; Nyctinomops; Otomops; palaeontology; phylogeny; Platymops; Rhizomops gen. nov.; Sauromys; speciation; systematics; Tadarida; taxonomy; tooth structure; Verbreitung; zoogeography

Fledermäuse als Nahrung von Schlangen - Schätti, B. (Bonn. zool. Beitr., 1984)
A further record of Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1818) from Afghanistan is verified by a specimen from the stomach of a snake (Coluber rhodorachis). A study of the literature on snakes preying on bats makes it clear that chiropterophagy seems not to be uncommon for some populations of various snake species. Most of the observations concern giant snakes and larger climbing colubrid species. Not only caves with large bat populations attract the interest of potential predators; snakes seem to be equally successful in hunting bat species which live together in small groups and different types of roosting places. Under favorable conditions a snake’s diet can largely consist of bats. According to the type of roosting place snakes use various hunting techniques and are even capable of capturing their prey in total darkness.
Keywords: Afghanistan; Asia; Chiroptera; Coluber rhodorachis; Colubridae; diet; food; Lamprophis fuliginosus; Neotropics; North America; Nyctalus leisleri; predation; Reptilia; review; Rhinolophidae; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Serpentes; Southern Africa; Vespertilionidae; Zimbabwe